Pro*COBOL Precompiler Programmer's Guide -- Index

abbreviations permitted, 2-11

abnormal termination

automatic rollback, F-17

active set, 5-12

changing, 5-14, 5-15

definition, 5-12

when empty, 5-15

ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR statement, F-11

ALLOCATE statement, F-10

use with ROWID, 4-35

allocating

cursors, F-10

thread context, 12-9, F-20

allocating cursor variables, 6-31

ALTER AUTHORIZATION

changing password, 3-10

ANSI dynamic SQL, A-3

See also dynamic SQL (ANSI), 10-1

ANSI Entry SQL compliance, xxxiii

ANSI format

COBOL statements, 2-12

ANSI/ISO SQL

compliance, xxxi

extensions, 14-20

application development process, 2-2

ARRAYLEN statement, 6-16

ASACC precompiler option, 14-12

ASSUME_SQLCODE precompiler option, 14-13

AT clause

CONNECT statement, 3-6

DECLARE CURSOR statement, 3-7

DECLARE STATEMENT statement, 3-8

EXECUTE IMMEDIATE statement, 3-8

of COMMIT statement, F-16

of CONNECT statement, F-18

of DECLARE CURSOR directive, F-25

of DECLARE STATEMENT directive, F-28

of EXECUTE IMMEDIATE statement, F-45

of EXECUTE statement, F-40

of INSERT statements, F-57

of SAVEPOINT statement, F-81

of SELECT statement, F-84

of UPDATE statement, F-90

restrictions, 3-7

AUTO_CONNECT option

instead of CONNECT statement, 3-9

AUTO_CONNECT precompiler option, 14-14

automatic logons, 3-5, 3-9

Avoiding Unnecessary Reparsing, D-13

batch fetch, 7-7

example, 7-7

number of rows returned, 7-8

BFILES

definition, 13-2

bind descriptor, 11-4

bind descriptors

information in, 9-25

bind SQLDA, 11-3

bind variables, 9-25

binding host variables, 9-3

BNDDFCLP variable (SQLDA), 11-14

BNDDFCRCP variable (SQLDA), 11-14

BNDDFMT variable (SQLDA), 11-9

BNDDH-CUR-VNAMEL variable (SQLDA), 11-13

BNDDH-MAX-VNAMEL variable (SQLDA), 11-13

BNDDH-VNAME variable (SQLDA), 11-12

BNDDI variable (SQLDA), 11-11

BNDDI-CUR-VNAMEL variable (SQLDA), 11-14

BNDDI-MAX-VNAMEL variable (SQLDA), 11-13

BNDDI-VNAME variable (SQLDA), 11-13

BNDDV variable (SQLDA), 11-8

BNDDVLN variable (SQLDA), 11-9

BNDDVTYP variable (SQLDA), 11-11

CALL SQL statement, 6-22

CALL statement, A-2, F-13

example, 6-23

case-insensitivity, 2-11

CHAR datatypes

external, 4-5

character host variables

as output variables, 4-33

handling, 4-31

server handling, 4-33

types, 4-31

character sets

multibyte, 4-39

character strings

multibyte, 4-40

CHARF datatype specifier, 4-50

using in VAR statement, 4-50

CHARF datatypes

external, 4-5

CHARZ datatype

external, 4-6

CLOSE command

examples, F-15

CLOSE statement, F-14

example, 5-16

in dynamic SQL method 4, 11-38

CLOSE_ON_COMMIT

precompiler option, 3-15, 5-13

CLOSE_ON_COMMIT precompiler option, 14-14

closing

cursors, F-14

COBOL datatypes, 4-15

COBOL datatypes, additional, A-4

COBOL versions supported, 2-12, B-2

COBOL-74, B-2

COBOL-85, B-2

code page, 4-39

coding area

for paragraph names, 2-18

coding conventions, 2-11

column list, 5-9

COMMENT clause

of COMMIT statement, F-17

comments

ANSI SQL-style, 2-13

C-style, 2-13

embedded SQL statements, 2-13

in embedded SQL, 2-13

comments in dynamic PL/SQL blocks, 9-30

commit, 3-13

automatic, 3-13

explicit versus implicit, 3-13

COMMIT statement, 3-14, F-15

effects, 3-14

ending a transaction, F-79

example, 3-14

examples, F-17

RELEASE option, 3-14

using in a PL/SQL block, 3-25

where to place, 3-14

committing

transactions, F-15

compilation, 2-28

compliance, ANSI/ISO, xxxi

composite types, 11-18

concurrency, 3-12

concurrent logons, 3-3

conditional precompilation, 2-25

defining symbols, 2-26

example, 2-25

CONFIG precompiler option, 14-14, 14-15

configuration file

system versus user, 14-16

configuration file name, A-7

CONNECT statement, F-18

AT clause, 3-6

enabling a semantic check, E-3

examples, F-19

logging on to Oracle, 3-2

placement, 3-2

requirements, 3-2

USING clause, 3-6

when not required, 3-9

connecting to Oracle, 3-2

automatically, 3-9

concurrently, 3-3

example of, 3-2

via Oracle Net, 3-3

connections

default versus non-default, 3-5

implicit, 3-11

naming, 3-5

CONTEXT ALLOCATE statement, 12-9, F-20

CONTEXT FREE statement, 12-9, F-21

CONTEXT USE directive, 12-9

CONTEXT USE SQL directive, F-22

CONTEXT USE SQL statement, 12-9

continuation lines

syntax, 2-13

CONTINUE action

of WHENEVER directive, 8-16, F-95

CONVBUFSZ clause, A-8

CONVBUFSZ clause in VAR statement, 4-48

CREATE PROCEDURE statement, 6-21

creating

savepoints, F-81

CURRENT OF clause, 5-16, 7-6

example, 5-16

mimicking with ROWID, 3-22, 7-19

restrictions, 5-17

current row, 5-12

CURRVAL pseudocolumn, 4-11

cursor cache, 8-25

gathering statistics about, 8-28

purpose, 8-23, D-9

cursor variables, 6-30, F-10

advantages, 6-30

allocating, 6-31

closing, 6-34

declaring, 6-31

fetching from, 6-33

heap memory usage, 6-31

opening

anonymous block, 6-33

stored procedure, 6-32

restrictions, 6-35

scope, 6-31

cursors, 5-12

allocating, F-10

association with query, 5-12

closing, F-14

declaring, 5-12

effects on performance, D-7

explicit versus implicit, 5-12

fetching rows from, F-46, F-49

naming, 5-13

opening, F-71, F-73

reopening, 5-14, 5-15

restricted scope of, 2-27

restrictions, 5-13

scope, 5-14

using for multirow queries, 5-12

using more than one, 5-14

when closed automatically, 5-16

data definition language (DDL)

description, 5-2

embedded, 14-32

data integrity, 3-12

data lock, 3-12

data manipulation language (DML), 5-7

database links

using in DELETE statement, F-33

using in INSERT statement, F-57

using in UPDATE statement, F-90

datatype

internal versus external, 2-8

datatype conversion

between internal and external types, 4-44

datatype equivalencing

advantages, 4-45

example, 4-49

guidelines, 4-51

datatypes

ANSI DATE, 4-13

COBOL, 4-15

coercing NUMBER to VARCHAR2, 11-19

conversions, 4-42

dealing with Oracle internal, 11-19

descriptor codes, 11-19

equivalencing

description, 4-45

example, 4-48

internal, 11-16

INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND, 4-14

INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH, 4-14

need to coerce, 11-19

PL/SQL equivalents, 11-18

TIMESTAMP, 4-13

TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE, 4-14

TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE, 4-13

when to reset, 11-19

DATE datatype

converting, 4-44

default format, 4-44

DATE datatypes

external, 4-6

internal format, 4-6

DATE String Format

explicit control over, 4-44

DATE, ANSI

datatype, 4-13

DATE_FORMAT precompiler option, 14-16

DB2 compatibility features, A-4

DBMS precompiler option, 14-17

DDL, 14-32

DDL (Data Definition Language), 5-2

deadlock, 3-12

effect on transactions, 3-17

how broken, 3-17

DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR statement, F-23

DECIMAL datatype, 4-6

Decimal-Point is Comma, A-4

declaration

cursor, 5-12

host variable, 2-8

declarative SQL statement, 2-4

using in transactions, 3-13

declarative statements

also known as directives, 2-4

DECLARE CURSOR directive, F-24

example, 5-12

examples, F-26

DECLARE CURSOR statement

AT clause, 3-7

in dynamic SQL method 4, 11-29

where to place, 5-13

DECLARE DATABASE directive, F-26

Declare Section

allowable statements, 2-20

example, 2-20

purpose, 2-20

requirements, 2-20

rules for defining, 2-20

using more than one, 2-21

declare section

COBOL datatypes supported, 4-15

defining usernames and passwords, 3-2

DECLARE SECTION is optional, A-4

DECLARE statement

using in dynamic SQL method 3, 9-19

DECLARE STATEMENT directive, F-28

examples, F-29

scope of, F-29

DECLARE STATEMENT statement

AT clause, 3-8

example, 9-27

using in dynamic SQL, 9-27

when required, 9-27

DECLARE TABLE directive, F-30

examples, F-31

DECLARE TABLE directives

using with the SQLCHECK option, E-4

DECLARE_SECTION precompiler option, 14-17

declaring

cursor variables, 6-31

host tables, 7-2

host variables, 4-15

indicator variables, 4-26

ORACA, 8-24

SQLCA, 8-8

SQLDA, 11-7

VARCHAR variables, 4-28

default

error handling, 8-15

setting of LITDELIM option, 2-14, 14-26

setting of ORACA option, 8-24

default connection, 3-5

DEFINE precompiler option, 14-18

DELETE statement, F-31

embedded SQL examples, F-34

example, 5-11

restrictions with tables, 7-15

using host tables, 7-14

WHERE clause, 5-11

DEPENDING ON clause, 7-3

DEPT table, 2-28

DESCRIBE BIND VARIABLES statement

in dynamic SQL method 4, 11-29

DESCRIBE DESCRIPTOR statement, F-37

DESCRIBE SELECT LIST statement

in dynamic SQL method 4, 11-34

DESCRIBE statement, F-35

example, F-36

use with PREPARE statement, F-35

using in dynamic SQL method 4, 9-24

descriptor

naming, F-35

descriptors

bind descriptor, 11-4

purpose, 11-4

select descriptor, 11-4

SQLADR subroutine, 11-3

dimension of host tables, 7-3

directives

also known as declarative statements, 2-4

directory path

INCLUDE files, 2-22

DISPLAY datatype, 4-6

distributed processing, 3-4

DML (Data Manipulation Language), 5-7

DML returning clause, 5-9, A-3

DNSTIAR subprogram, A-6

DO CALL, A-3

DO CALL action

of WHENEVER directive, 8-17, 8-19, F-95

DO PERFORM action

of WHENEVER directive, 8-17, F-95

DSNTIAR

DB2 compatible feature, 8-15

DSNTIAR routine, 8-15

DYNAMIC option

effect on functionality, 10-12

dynamic PL/SQL, 9-29

dynamic SQL

advantages and disadvantages, 9-2

choosing the right method, 9-6

guidelines, 9-6

overview, 2-6, 9-2

restrictions, 14-32

using PL/SQL, 6-24

using the AT clause, 3-8

when useful, 9-3

dynamic SQL (ANSI)

ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR statement, 10-13

basics, 10-2

bulk operations, 10-9

CLOSE CURSOR statement, 10-28

compared to Oracle dynamic SQL method 4, 10-1

DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR statement, 10-14

DESCRIBE DESCRIPTOR statement, 10-21

differences from Oracle dynamic SQL, 10-28

EXECUTE statement, 10-23

FETCH statement, 10-27

GET DESCRIPTOR statement, 10-15

OPEN statement, 10-25

Oracle extensions, 10-7

overview, 10-3

precompiler options, 10-2, 10-12

reference semantics, 10-8

restrictions, 10-29

sample programs, 10-29

SAMPLE12.PCO, 10-29

SET DESCRIPTOR statement, 10-18

use of DECLARE CURSOR, 10-25

use of EXECUTE IMMEDIATE statement, 10-24

use of PREPARE statement, 10-21

when to use, 10-1

dynamic SQL method 1

commands, 9-4

description, 9-8

example, 9-9

requirements, 9-4

using EXECUTE IMMEDIATE, 9-8

using PL/SQL, 9-29

dynamic SQL method 2

commands, 9-5

description, 9-12

requirements, 9-5

using PL/SQL, 9-29

using the DECLARE STATEMENT statement, 9-27

using the EXECUTE statement, 9-12

using the PREPARE statement, 9-12

dynamic SQL method 3

commands, 9-5

compared to method 2, 9-18

requirements, 9-5

using PL/SQL, 9-29

using the DECLARE statement, 9-19

using the DECLARE STATEMENT statement, 9-27

using the FETCH statement, 9-20

using the OPEN statement, 9-19

using the PREPARE statement, 9-18

dynamic SQL method 4

CLOSE statement, 11-38

DECLARE CURSOR statement, 11-29

DESCRIBE statement, 11-29, 11-34

external datatypes, 11-16

FETCH statement, 11-37

internal datatypes, 11-15

OPEN statement, 11-34

PREPARE statement, 11-29

prerequisites, 11-14

purpose of descriptors, 11-4

requirements, 9-5, 11-2

sequence of statements used, 11-24

SQLDA, 11-4

steps for, 11-23

using descriptors, 9-24

using PL/SQL, 9-30

using the DECLARE STATEMENT statement, 9-27

using the DESCRIBE statement, 9-24

using the FOR clause, 9-28

using the SQLDA, 9-24

when needed, 9-24

dynamic SQL statement, 9-2

binding of host variables, 9-3

how processed, 9-3

requirements, 9-3

using host tables, 9-28

versus static SQL statement, 9-2

embedded DDL, 14-32

embedded PL/SQL

advantages, 6-3

cursor FOR loop, 6-4

example, 6-8, 6-9

host variables, 6-2

indicator variables, 6-2

multibyte Globalization Support features, 4-40

need for SQLCHECK option, 6-8

need for USERID option, 6-8

overview, 2-7

package, 6-5

PL/SQL table, 6-6

requirements, 6-2

subprogram, 6-4

support for SQL, 2-7

user-defined record, 6-6

using %TYPE, 6-3

using the VARCHAR pseudotype, 6-11

using to improve performance, D-4

VARCHAR variables, 6-2

where allowed, 6-2, 6-7

embedded SQL

ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR statement, F-11

ALLOCATE statement, 4-35, 6-31, F-10

CALL statement, 6-22, F-13

CLOSE statement, 5-16, 6-34, F-14

COMMIT statement, F-15

CONNECT statement, F-18

CONTEXT ALLOCATE statement, 12-9, F-20

CONTEXT FREE statement, 12-9, F-21

CONTEXT USE directive, F-22

DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR statement, F-23

DECLARE [CURSOR] directive, 5-12

DECLARE CURSOR directive, F-24

DECLARE DATABASE directive, F-26

DECLARE STATEMENT directive, F-28

DECLARE TABLE directive, F-30

DELETE statement, 5-11, F-31

DESCRIBE DESCRIPTOR statement, F-37

DESCRIBE statement, F-35

ENABLE THREADS statement, 12-9

EXECUTE IMMEDIATE statement, F-45

EXECUTE statement, F-41

EXECUTE...END-EXEC statement, F-39

FETCH DESCRIPTOR statement, F-49

FETCH statement, 5-14, 6-33, F-46, F-49

FREE statement, 6-35, F-52

GET DESCRIPTOR statement, F-53

INSERT statement, 5-9, 7-12, F-55

key concepts, 2-2

OPEN DESCRIPTOR statement, F-73

OPEN statement, 5-14, F-71, F-72, F-73

PREPARE statement, F-76

ROLLBACK statement, F-77

SAVEPOINT statement, 3-17, F-81

SELECT statement, 5-8, 7-6, F-82

SET DESCRIPTOR statement, F-86

SET TRANSACTION statement, 3-20

UPDATE statement, 5-10, F-88

VAR directive, F-92

versus interactive SQL, 2-6

when to use, 1-3

WHENEVER directive, F-94

embedded SQL statements

associating paragraph names with, 2-17

comments, 2-13

continuation, 2-13

figurative constants, 2-15

mixing with host-language statements, 2-6

referencing host tables, 7-4

referencing host variables, 4-22

referencing indicator variables, 4-26

requirements, 2-15

summary, F-4

syntax, 2-6, 2-15

terminator, 2-19

embedding

PL/SQL blocks in Oracle7 precompiler programs, F-39

EMP table, 2-28

ENABLE THREADS SQL statement, F-38

ENABLE THREADS statement, 12-9

enabling

threads, 12-9

encoding scheme, 4-39

END, 14-19

END_OF_FETCH precompiler option, 14-19

END-OF_FETCH clause, A-5

entry SQL, xxxi

equivalencing

host variable equivalencing, F-92

equivalencing datatypes, 4-45

error detection

error reporting, F-95

error handling

alternatives, 8-2

benefits, 8-2

default, 8-15

overview, 2-9

using status variables

SQLCA, 8-2, 8-7

using the ROLLBACK statement, 3-16

using the SQLGLS routine, 8-22

error message text

SQLGLM subroutine, 8-13

error messages

maximum length, 8-14

error reporting

error message text, 8-9

key components of, 8-8

parse error offset, 8-9

rows-processed count, 8-9

status codes, 8-9

warning flags, 8-9

WHENEVER directive, F-95

ERRORS precompiler option, 14-20

exception, PL/SQL, 6-13

EXEC ORACLE DEFINE statement, 2-25

EXEC ORACLE ELSE statement, 2-25

EXEC ORACLE ENDIF statement, 2-25

EXEC ORACLE IFDEF statement, 2-25

EXEC ORACLE IFNDEF statement, 2-25

EXEC ORACLE statement

scope of, 14-7

syntax for, 14-7

uses for, 14-7

using to enter options inline, 14-7

EXEC SQL clause, 2-6, 2-15

EXECUTE IMMEDIATE statement, F-45

AT clause, 3-8

examples, F-46

using in dynamic SQL Method 1, 9-8

EXECUTE optional keyword of ARRAYLEN statement, 6-17

EXECUTE statement, F-41

examples, F-40, F-42

using in dynamic SQL Method 2, 9-12

EXECUTE...END-EXEC statement, F-39

execution plan, D-4

EXPLAIN PLAN statement

using to improve performance, D-5

explicit logon

single, 3-5

explicit logons, 3-5

external datatypes

CHAR, 4-5

CHARF, 4-5

CHARZ, 4-6

DATE, 4-6

DECIMAL, 4-6

definition, 2-8

DISPLAY, 4-6

dynamic SQL method 4, 11-16

FLOAT, 4-7

INTEGER, 4-7

LONG, 4-7

LONG RAW, 4-7

LONG VARCHAR, 4-7

LONG VARRAW, 4-8

parameters, 4-47

RAW, 4-8

STRING, 4-9

table of, 4-4

UNSIGNED, 4-9

VARCHAR, 4-9

VARCHAR2, 4-9

VARNUM, 4-10

VARRAW, 4-10

features

new, xxxvii

FETCH SQL statement, F-49

FETCH statement, 5-14, 5-15, F-46

cursor variable, 6-34

example, 5-14

examples, F-49

in dynamic SQL method 4, 11-37

INTO clause, 5-14

used after OPEN statement, F-72, F-75

using in dynamic SQL method 3, 9-20

fetch, batch, 7-7

fetching

rows from cursors, F-46, F-49

figurative constants

embedded SQL statements, 2-15

file extension

for INCLUDE files, 2-21

file length limit, 2-16

FILLER support, A-8

FIPS flagger

warns of array usage, 7-6

FIPS flagger and its uses, xxxii

FIPS precompiler option, xxxii, 14-20

flags, 8-9

FLOAT datatype, 4-7

FOR clause, 7-16

example, 7-16

of embedded SQL EXECUTE statement, F-42, F-44

of embedded SQL INSERT statement, F-57

restrictions, 7-17

using with host tables, 7-16

FOR UPDATE OF clause, 3-21

FORCE clause

of COMMIT statement, F-17

of ROLLBACK statement, F-78

format mask, 4-44

FORMAT precompiler option, 14-21

purpose, 2-12

formats of COBOL statements

ANSI, 2-12

TERMINAL, 2-12

forward reference, 5-13

FREE statement, F-52

freeing

thread context, 12-9, F-21

full scan, D-6

GET DESCRIPTOR statement, F-53

Globalization Support, 4-37, 14-31, A-2

multibyte character strings, 4-39

Globalization Support parameter

NLS_CURRENCY, 4-38

NLS_DATE_FORMAT, 4-38

NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE, 4-38

NLS_ISO_CURRENCY, 4-38

NLS_LANG, 4-38

NLS_LANGUAGE, 4-38

NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTERS, 4-38

NLS_SORT, 4-38

NLS_TERRITORY, 4-38

GOTO action

of WHENEVER directive, 8-17, F-95

group items

allowed as host variables, 4-23

implicit VARCHAR, 4-29

Group Items as host variables, A-5

guidelines

datatype equivalencing, 4-51

dynamic SQL, 9-6

separate precompilation, 2-26

transaction, 3-24

HEADERS, optional, A-4

heap, 8-25

heap memory

allocating cursor variables, 6-31

heap tables, 4-34

hint, optimizer, D-5

hints

in DELETE statements, F-34

in SELECT statements, F-85

in UPDATE statements, F-92

HOLD_CURSOR option

of ORACLE Precompilers, F-15

using to improve performance, D-11

what it affects, D-7

HOLD_CURSOR precompiler option, 14-22

host language, 2-3

HOST precompiler option, 14-23

host programs, 2-3

host table elements

maximum, 7-3

host table example, 7-10

host tables, 7-2

advantages, 7-2

declaring, 7-2

dimensioning, 7-3

multi-dimensional, 7-3

operations on, 2-8

referencing, 7-4

restrictions, 7-3, 7-9, 7-13, 7-15

restrictions on, 7-6

support for, 4-21

using in dynamic SQL statements, 9-28

using in the DELETE statement, 7-14

using in the INSERT statement, 7-12

using in the SELECT statement, 7-6

using in the UPDATE statement, 7-13

using in the WHERE clause, 7-18

using the FOR clause, 7-16

using to improve performance, D-3

variable-length, 7-3

host variables, 5-2

assigning a value, 2-7

declaring, 2-11, 2-20, 4-15

declaring and naming, B-2

definition, 2-16

host variable equivalencing, F-92

in EXECUTE statement, F-42

in OPEN statement, F-72

initializing, 4-21

length up to 30 characters, 2-8

naming, 2-8, 4-23, 4-25

overview, 2-7

referencing, 2-8, 4-22

requirements, 2-7

restrictions, 2-17, 4-25

using in PL/SQL, 6-8

where allowed, 2-7

with PL/SQL, 6-2

hyphenation

of host variable names, 2-17

identifiers, ORACLE

how to form, F-10

implicit logons, 3-11

implicit VARCHAR, 4-29

IN OUT parameter mode, 6-5

IN parameter mode, 6-5

INAME option

when a file extension is required, 14-2

INAME precompiler option, 14-23

INCLUDE precompiler option, 14-24

INCLUDE statement

case-sensitive operating systems, 2-22

declaring the ORACA, 8-24

declaring the SQLCA, 8-8

declaring the SQLDA, 11-7

effect of, 2-21

INCLUDE statements, B-3

index

using to improve performance, D-6

index-organized table, 4-34

indicator table, 7-2

indicator tables

example, 7-5

purpose, 7-5

indicator variable

using to handle NULLs, 5-4, 5-5

indicator variables, 5-3

assigning values to, 4-25

association with host variables, 4-25

declaring, 2-11, 4-26

function, 4-25

function of, 4-25

interpreting value, 5-4

NULLs, 6-2

referencing, 4-26

required size, 4-26

truncated values, 6-2

used with multibyte character strings, 4-41

using in PL/SQL, 6-12

using to detect NULLs, 4-26

using to detect truncated values, 4-26, 5-4

using to handle NULLs, 5-4

using to test for NULLs, 5-6

with PL/SQL, 6-2

in-doubt transaction, 3-23

input host variable

restrictions, 5-2

where allowed, 5-2

INSERT statement, F-55

column list, 5-9

example, 5-9

INTO clause, 5-9

using host tables, 7-12

VALUES clause, 5-9

inserting

rows into tables and views, F-55

INTEGER datatype, 4-7

internal datatype

definition, 2-8

internal datatypes

dynamic SQL method 4, 11-15

INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND, xxxviii, A-2

INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND datatype, 4-14

INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH, xxxviii, A-2

INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH datatype, 4-14

INTO clause, 5-2, 6-33

FETCH statement, 5-14

INSERT statement, 5-9

of FETCH statement, F-47, F-50

of SELECT statement, F-84

SELECT statement, 5-8

IRECLEN precompiler option, 14-25

IS NULL operator

for testing NULL values, 2-17

Java methods

calling from Pro*COBOL, 6-21

Java stored procedures, A-2

language support, 1-2

LEVEL pseudocolumns, 4-12

line continuation, 2-13

linking, 2-28

LITDELIM option

purpose, 14-26

LITDELIM precompiler option, 2-14, 14-25

LNAME precompiler option, 14-26

LOB and precompiler datatypes, 13-21

LOB APPEND statement, F-59

LOB ASSIGN statement, F-59

LOB CLOSE statement, F-60

LOB COPY statement, F-61

LOB CREATE statement, F-61

LOB DESCRIBE statement, F-62

LOB DISABLE BUFFERING statement, F-63

LOB ENABLE BUFFERING statement, F-64

LOB ERASE statement, F-64

LOB FILE CLOSE statement, F-65

LOB FILE SET statement, F-66

LOB FLUSH BUFFER statement, F-66

LOB FREE TEMPORARY, F-67

LOB LOAD statement, F-67

LOB OPEN statement, F-68

LOB READ statement, F-69

LOB statements, A-2

LOB APPEND, 13-10

LOB ASSIGN, 13-11

LOB CLOSE, 13-12

LOB CLOSE ALL, 13-16

LOB COPY, 13-13

LOB CREATE TEMPORARY, 13-14

LOB DISABLE BUFFERING, 13-14

LOB ENABLE BUFFERING, 13-15

LOB ERASE, 13-15

LOB FILE SET, 13-17

LOB FLUSH BUFFER, 13-17

LOB FREE TEMPORARY, 13-18

LOB LOAD FROM FILE, 13-18

LOB OPEN, 13-20

LOB READ, 13-20

LOB TRIM, 13-22

LOB WRITE, 13-23

LOB TRIM statement, F-69

LOB WRITE statement, F-70

LOBs

advantage of buffering, 13-4

attributes and COBOL types, 13-24

CHUNKSIZE attribute, 13-26

compared with LONG and LONG RAW, 13-3

definition, 13-2

DIRECTORY attribute, 13-26

external, 13-2, 13-7

FILEEXISTS attribute, 13-26

FILENAME attribute, 13-26

internal, 13-2, 13-7

ISOPEN attribute, 13-26

ISTEMPORARY attribute, 13-26

LENGTH attribute, 13-26

LOB demo program, 13-29

LOB DESCRIBE use, 13-24

locators, 13-3

rules for all statements, 13-9

rules for buffering subsystem, 13-9

rules for statements, 13-10

temporary, 13-4, 13-8

using polling method to read and write, 13-27

lock

released by ROLLBACK statement, F-79

LOCK TABLE statement, 3-22

example, 3-22

using the NOWAIT parameter, 3-23

locking, 3-12, 3-21

explicit versus implicit, 3-21

modes, 3-12

overriding default, 3-21

privileges needed, 3-24

using the FOR UPDATE OF clause, 3-21

using the LOCK TABLE statement, 3-22

logons

automatic, 3-9

concurrent, 3-4

explicit, 3-5

requirements, 3-2

LONG datatype

external, 4-7

LONG RAW datatype

converting, 4-52

LONG RAW datatypes

external, 4-7

LONG VARCHAR datatype, 4-7

LONG VARRAW datatype, 4-8

LRECLEN precompiler option, 14-27

LTYPE precompiler option, 14-27

MAXLITERAL, B-3

MAXLITERAL precompiler option, 14-28

MAXOPENCURSORS option, D-7

using for separate precompilation, 2-27

MAXOPENCURSORS precompiler option, 14-29

message text, 8-9

migration

error message codes, A-9

migration from earlier releases, A-9

MODE

equivalent values, 14-30

MODE option

effects of, 4-31

MODE precompiler option, 14-30

mode, parameter, 6-5

multibyte character sets, 4-39

multi-byte Globalization Support features

datatypes, 2-17

multibyte Globalization Support features

with PL/SQL, 4-40

multithreaded applications

sample program, 12-15

user-interface features

embedded SQL statements and directives, 12-8

namespaces

reserved by Oracle, C-5

naming

host variables, 2-16

of database objects, F-10

select-list items, 11-4

naming conventions

cursor, 5-13

default database, 3-5

host variable, 2-8

NESTED precompiler option, 14-31, A-4

nested programs, A-8

support for, 2-23

New Datetime Datatypes, A-2

NEXTVAL pseudocolumns, 4-12

nibbles, 4-52

NIST

compliance, xxxi

NIST, address of, xxxiii

NLS_LOCAL

precompiler option, 14-31

NOT FOUND condition

of WHENEVER directive, 8-16, F-95

NOWAIT parameter, 3-23

using in LOCK TABLE statement, 3-23

NULLs

definition, 2-7

detecting, 4-26, 5-4

handling

in dynamic SQL method 4, 11-21

indicator variables, 6-2

hardcoding, 5-4

inserting, 5-4

meaning in SQL (NVL function), 2-17

restrictions, 5-6

retrieving, 5-5

SQLNUL subroutine, 11-22

testing for, 5-6

NULLs in SQL

how to detect, 2-17

NUMBER datatype

using the SQLPRC subroutine with, 11-20

NVL function

for retrieving NULL values, 2-17

OCIInterval host variable, xxxviii, A-2

ONAME precompiler option, 14-32

OPEN DESCRIPTOR statement, F-73

OPEN SQL statement, F-73

OPEN statement, F-71

example, 5-14

examples, F-72

in dynamic SQL method 4, 11-34

using in dynamic SQL method 3, 9-19

opening

cursors, F-71, F-73

opening a cursor variable, 6-31

operators

relational, 2-19

optimizer hint, D-5

optional division headers, 2-15

options

precompiler concepts, 14-3

ORACA, 8-3

declaring, 8-24

enabling, 8-24

example, 8-28

fields, 8-25

gathering cursor cache statistics, 8-28

ORACABC field, 8-25

ORACAID field, 8-25

ORACCHF flag, 8-25

ORACOC field, 8-28

ORADBGF flag, 8-26

ORAHCHF flag, 8-26

ORAHOC field, 8-28

ORAMOC field, 8-28

ORANEX field, 8-28

ORANOR field, 8-28

ORANPR field, 8-28

ORASFNMC field, 8-27

ORASFNML field, 8-27

ORASLNR field, 8-27

ORASTXTC field, 8-27

ORASTXTF flag, 8-26

ORASTXTL field, 8-27

precompiler option, 8-24

purpose, 8-3, 8-23

structure of, 8-25

ORACA precompiler option, 14-33

ORACABC field, 8-25

ORACAID field, 8-25

ORACCHF flag, 8-25

Oracle Communications Area

ORACA, 8-23

Oracle dynamic SQL

when to use, 10-1

Oracle names

how to form, F-10

Oracle namespaces, C-5

Oracle Net

concurrent logons, 3-3

using ROWID datatype, 4-9

using to connect to Oracle, 3-4

Oracle Open Gateway

using ROWID datatype, 4-9

ORACOC

in ORACA, 8-28

ORACOC field, 8-28

ORADBGF flag, 8-26

ORAHCHF flag, 8-26

ORAHOC field, 8-28

ORAMOC field, 8-28

ORANEX

in ORACA, 8-28

ORANEX field, 8-28

ORANOR field, 8-28

ORANPR field, 8-28

ORASFNM, in ORACA, 8-27

ORASFNMC field, 8-27

ORASFNML field, 8-27

ORASLNR

in ORACA, 8-27

ORASLNR field, 8-27

ORASTXTC field, 8-27

ORASTXTF flag, 8-26

ORASTXTL field, 8-27

ORECLEN precompiler option, 14-33

OUT parameter mode, 6-5

output host variable, 5-2

output versus input, 5-2

PAGELEN precompiler option, 14-34

paragraph names

associating with SQL statements, 2-17

coding area for, 2-18

parameter mode, 6-5

parse error offset, 8-9

parsing dynamic statements

PREPARE statement, F-76

password, changing, A-9

passwords

changing at runtime with ALTER AUTHORIZATION, 3-10

defining, 3-2

hardcoding, 3-2

performance

causes of poor, D-2

improving, D-3

PIC G for Globalization Support characters, B-3

PIC N for Globalization Support characters, B-3

PICX precompiler option, 4-31, 14-34

placeholders

duplicate, 9-29

plan, execution, D-4

PL/SQL

advantages, 1-4

cursor FOR loop, 6-4

datatype equivalents, 11-18

embedded, 6-2

exception, 6-13

integration with server, 6-3

opening a cursor variable

anonymous block, 6-33

stored procedure, 6-32

package, 6-5

relationship with SQL, 1-4

subprogram, 6-4

user-defined record, 6-6

PL/SQL block execution

effect on SQLCA components, 8-13

PL/SQL blocks

embedded in Oracle7 precompiler programs, F-39

PL/SQL subprogram

calling from Pro*COBOL, 6-21

PL/SQL table, 6-6

precompilation

conditional, 2-25

generated code, 14-3

separate, 2-26

precompilation unit, 14-9

precompiler command

required arguments, 14-2

precompiler options

abbreviating name, 14-4

ANSI Dynamic SQL, 10-12

ASACC, 14-12

ASSUME_SQLCODE, 14-13

AUTO_CONNECT, 3-9, 14-14

CLOSE_ON_COMMIT, 5-13, 14-14, A-6

CONFIG, 14-15

current values, 14-6

DATE_FORMAT, 14-16, A-6

DBMS, 14-17

DECLARE_SECTION, 2-20, 14-17

DEFINE, 14-18

displaying, 14-4

displaying syntax, default, purpose, 14-10

DYNAMIC, 10-12, 14-18

END_OF_FETCH, 14-19

entering, 14-6

entering inline, 14-7

entering on the command line, 14-2

ERRORS, 14-20

FIPS, 14-20

FORMAT, 14-21

HOLD_CURSOR, 14-22, D-7

HOST, 14-23

INAME, 14-23

INCLUDE, 14-24

IRECLEN, 14-25

list, 14-10

LITDELIM, 2-14, 14-26

LNAME, 14-26

LRECLEN, 14-27

LTYPE, 14-27

macro and micro, 14-5

MAXLITERAL, 14-28

MAXOPENCURSORS, 2-27, 14-29, D-7

MODE, 4-31, 8-3, 10-12, 14-30

name of the system configuration file, 14-9

NESTED, 14-31, A-4

NLS_LOCAL, 14-31

ONAME, 14-32

ORACA, 8-24, 14-33

ORECLEN, 14-33

PAGELEN, 14-34

PICX, 4-31, 14-34, A-8

precedence, 14-4

PREFETCH, 5-18, 14-35, A-3

RELEASE_CURSOR, 14-36, D-7

respecifying, 14-9

scope of, 14-9

SELECT_ERROR, 14-37

specifying, 14-2

SQLCHECK, 14-38

syntax for, 14-2

table of how macro options set micro options, 14-5

THREADS, 12-8, 14-40

TYPE_CODE, 10-12, 14-40

UNSAFE_NULL, 14-41

USERID, 14-41

VARCHAR, 14-42

XREF, 14-42

precompilers

advantages, 1-3

Globalization Support, 4-39

language support, 1-2

running, 14-1

using PL/SQL, 6-7

PREFETCH precompiler option, 5-18, 14-35

PREPARE statement, F-76

effect on data definition statements, 9-5

examples, F-77

in dynamic SQL method 4, 11-29

using in dynamic SQL, 9-12, 9-18

private SQL area

association with cursors, 5-11

opening, 5-11

purpose, D-9

Pro*COBOL

how it works, 1-2

program termination, 3-19

programming guidelines, 2-11

programming language support, 1-2

pseudocolumns, 4-11

CURRVAL, 4-11

LEVEL, 4-12

NEXTVAL, 4-12

ROWNUM, 4-12

queries

association with cursor, 5-12

multirow, 5-7

single-row versus multirow, 5-8

query, 5-7

RAW datatype

converting, 4-52

external, 4-8

RAWTOHEX function, 4-52

read consistency, 3-12

READ ONLY parameter

using in SET TRANSACTION, 3-20

read-only transaction, 3-20

ending, 3-20

example, 3-20

record, user-defined, 6-6

REDEFINES clause

purpose, 2-18

restrictions, 2-18

REDEFINES support, A-8

reference

host variable, 2-8

reference cursor, 6-30

referencing

host tables, 7-4

host variables, 4-22

indicator variables, 4-26

VARCHAR variables, 4-30

relational operators

COBOL versus SQL, 2-19

RELEASE option, 3-14, 3-19

COMMIT statement, 3-14

omitting, 3-20

restrictions, 3-19

ROLLBACK statement, 3-16

RELEASE_CURSOR option, D-7

of ORACLE Precompilers, F-15

RELEASE_CURSOR precompiler option, 14-36

remote database

declaration of, F-26

restrictions

AT clause, 3-7

CURRENT OF clause, 5-17

cursor declaration, 5-13

cursor variables, 6-35

dynamic SQL, 14-32

FOR clause, 7-17

host tables, 7-3, 7-9, 7-13, 7-15

host variables, 4-25

naming, 2-16

referencing, 4-25

input host variable, 5-2

on host tables, 7-6

REDEFINES clause, 2-18

RELEASE option, 3-19

separate precompilation, 2-27

SET TRANSACTION statement, 3-20

SQLGLM subroutine, 8-14

SQLIEM subroutine, 8-14

TO SAVEPOINT clause, 3-19

use of CURRENT OF clause, 7-6

retrieving rows from a table

embedded SQL, F-82

RETURN-CODE special register is unpredictable, B-3

returning clause, 5-9

in INSERT, 5-9

roll back

to a savepoint, F-81

to the same savepoint multiple times, F-79

rollback

automatic, 3-17

purpose, 3-13

statement-level, 3-17

rollback segments, 3-12

ROLLBACK statement, 3-15, F-77

effects, 3-15

ending a transaction, F-79

example, 3-16

examples, F-80

RELEASE option, 3-16

TO SAVEPOINT clause, 3-15

using in a PL/SQL block, 3-25

using in error-handling routines, 3-16

where to place, 3-16

rolling back

transactions, F-77

row lock

acquiring with FOR UPDATE OF, 3-21

using to improve performance, D-6

when acquired, 3-22

when released, 3-22

ROWID datatype

heap tables versus index-organized tables, 4-34

Universal, 4-34

use of, 4-34

use of ALLOCATE, 4-35

ROWID pseudocolumns

retrieving with SQLROWIDGET, 4-36

universal ROWID, 4-35

using to mimic CURRENT OF, 3-22, 7-19

ROWNUM pseudocolumns, 4-12

rows

fetching from cursors, F-46, F-49

inserting into tables and views, F-55

updating, F-88

rows-processed count, 8-9

RR diagrams

see syntax diagrams, F-7

sample database table

DEPT table, 2-28

EMP table, 2-28

sample programs

calling a stored procedure, 6-24

cursor operations, 5-19

cursor variable use, 6-35

cursor variables

PL/SQL source, 6-35

datatype equivalencing, 4-52

dynamic SQL Method 1, 9-9

dynamic SQL method 2, 9-14

dynamic SQL Method 3, 9-20

dynamic SQL method 4, 11-44

EXEC ORACLE scope, 14-7

fetching in batches, 7-10, 7-22

in demo directory, xxx

LOB DESCRIBE example, 13-27

LOBDEMO1.PCO, 13-29

PL/SQL examples, 6-8

SAMPLE10.PCO, 11-44

SAMPLE11.PCO, 6-35

SAMPLE12.PCO, 10-29

SAMPLE13.PCO, 2-25

SAMPLE14.PCO, 7-22

SAMPLE1.PCO, 2-29

SAMPLE2.PCO, 5-19

SAMPLE3.PCO, 7-10

SAMPLE4.PCO, 4-52

SAMPLE6.PCO, 9-9

SAMPLE7.PCO, 9-14

SAMPLE8.PCO, 9-20

SAMPLE9.PCO, 6-24

simple query, 2-30

tables of group items, 7-22

WHENEVER...DO CALL example, 8-19

savepoint, 3-17

SAVEPOINT statement, 3-17, F-81

example, 3-17

examples, F-81

savepoints

creating, F-81

when erased, 3-19

scalar types, 11-18

Scale

using SQLPRC to extract, 4-47

scale

definition of, 4-47

when negative, 4-47

scope

cursor variables, 6-31

of DECLARE STATEMENT directive, F-29

of precompiler options, 14-9

of the EXEC ORACLE statement, 14-7

WHENEVER directive, 8-20

search condition, 5-11

using in the WHERE clause, 5-11

SELDFCLP variable (SQLDA), 11-14

SELDFCRCP variable (SQLDA), 11-14

SELDFMT variable (SQLDA), 11-9

SELDH-CUR-VNAMEL variable (SQLDA), 11-13

SELDH-MAX-VNAMEL variable (SQLDA), 11-13

SELDH-VNAME variable (SQLDA), 11-12

SELDI variable (SQLDA), 11-11

SELDI-CUR-VNAMEL variable (SQLDA), 11-14

SELDI-MAX-VNAMEL variable (SQLDA), 11-13

SELDI-VNAME variable (SQLDA), 11-13

SELDV variable (SQLDA), 11-8

SELDVLN variable (SQLDA), 11-9

SELDVTYP variable (SQLDA), 11-11

select descriptor, 11-4

select descriptors

information in, 9-25

select list, 5-8

select SQLDA

purpose of, 11-3

SELECT statement, F-82

available clauses, 5-9

embedded SQL examples, F-85

example, 5-8

INTO clause, 5-8

using host tables, 7-6

SELECT_ERROR option, 5-9

SELECT_ERROR precompiler option, 14-37

select-list items

naming, 11-4

semantic checking, E-2

enabling, E-3

using the SQLCHECK option, E-2

separate precompilation

guidelines, 2-26

restrictions, 2-27

session, 3-12

sessions

beginning, F-18

SET clause, 5-11

using a subquery, 5-11

SET DESCRIPTOR statement, F-86

SET TRANSACTION statement

example, 3-20

READ ONLY parameter, 3-20

restrictions, 3-20

snapshot, 3-12

SQL

summary of statements, F-4

SQL codes

returned by SQLGLS routine, 8-23

SQL Communications Area, 2-10

SQL Descriptor Area, 9-24, 11-4

SQL directives

CONTEXT USE, 12-9

DECLARE CURSOR, F-24

DECLARE DATABASE, F-26

DECLARE STATEMENT, F-28

DECLARE TABLE, F-30

VAR, F-92

WHENEVER, F-94

SQL directives CONTEXT USE, F-22

SQL statements

ALLOCATE, F-10

ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR, F-11

CALL, F-13

CLOSE, F-14

COMMIT, F-15

CONNECT, F-18

CONTEXT ALLOCATE, F-20

CONTEXT FREE, F-21

controlling transactions, 3-13

DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR, F-23

DELETE, F-31

DESCRIBE, F-35

DESCRIBE DESCRIPTOR, F-37

ENABLE THREADS, F-38

EXECUTE, F-41

EXECUTE DESCRIPTOR, F-43

EXECUTE IMMEDIATE, F-45

EXECUTE...END-EXEC, F-39

FETCH, F-46, F-49

FETCH DESCRIPTOR, F-49

FREE, F-52

GET DESCRIPTOR, F-53

INSERT, F-55

LOB APPEND, F-59

LOB ASSIGN, F-59

LOB CLOSE, F-60

LOB COPY, F-61

LOB CREATE, F-61

LOB DESCRIBE, F-62

LOB DISABLE BUFFERING, F-63

LOB ENABLE BUFFERING, F-64

LOB ERASE, F-64

LOB FILE CLOSE, F-65

LOB FILE SET, F-66

LOB FLUSH BUFFER, F-66

LOB FREE TEMPORARY, F-67

LOB LOAD, F-67

LOB OPEN, F-68

LOB READ, F-69

LOB TRIM, F-69

LOB WRITE, F-70

OPEN, F-71, F-72, F-73

OPEN DESCRIPTOR, F-73

optimizing to improve performance, D-4

PREPARE, F-76

ROLLBACK, F-77

SAVEPOINT, F-81

SELECT, F-82

SET DESCRIPTOR, F-86

static versus dynamic, 2-6

summary of, F-4

UPDATE, F-88

using to control a cursor, 5-8, 5-12

using to manipulate data, 5-7

SQL*Plus, 1-4

SQL_CURSOR, F-10

SQL92

conformance, xxxi

minimum requirement, xxxi

SQL92 standards conformance, xxxi

SQLADR subroutine

example, 11-26

parameters, 11-14

storing buffer addresses, 11-3

syntax, 11-14

SQLCA, 8-2

components set for a PL/SQL block, 8-13

fields, 8-10

interaction with Oracle, 2-10

overview, 2-9

SQLCABC field, 8-10

SQLCAID field, 8-10

SQLCODE field, 8-10

SQLERRD(3) field, 8-11

SQLERRD(5) field, 8-12

SQLERRMC field, 8-11

SQLERRML field, 8-11

SQLWARN(4) flag, 8-12

using with Oracle Net, 8-7

SQLCA status variable

data structure, 8-7

declaring, 8-8

effect of MODE option, 8-3

explicit versus implicit checking, 8-2

purpose, 8-7

SQLCABC field, 8-10

SQLCAID field, 8-10

SQLCHECK option

using the DECLARE TABLE statement, E-4

using to check syntax/semantics, E-1

SQLCHECK precompiler option, 14-38

SQLCODE field, 8-10

interpreting its value, 8-10

SQLCODE status variable

effect of MODE option, 8-3

usage, 8-3

SQL-CONTEXT, 12-8

host tables not allowed, 12-8

variable declaration, 4-17

SQLDA, 9-24, 9-25

bind versus select, 9-25

BNDDFCLP variable, 11-14

BNDDFCRCP variable, 11-14

BNDDFMT variable, 11-9

BNDDH-CUR-VNAMEL variable, 11-13

BNDDH-MAX-VNAMEL variable, 11-13

BNDDH-VNAME variable, 11-12

BNDDI variable, 11-11

BNDDI-CUR-VNAMEL variable, 11-14

BNDDI-MAX-VNAMEL variable, 11-13

BNDDI-VNAME variable, 11-13

BNDDV variable, 11-8

BNDDVLN variable, 11-9

BNDDVTYP variable, 11-11

declaring, 11-7

example, 11-7

information stored in, 9-25

purpose, 11-4

SELDFCLP variable, 11-14

SELDFCRCP variable, 11-14

SELDFMT variable, 11-9

SELDH-CUR-VNAMEL variable, 11-13

SELDH-MAX-VNAMEL variable, 11-13

SELDH-VNAME variable, 11-12

SELDI variable, 11-11

SELDI-CUR-VNAMEL variable, 11-14

SELDI-MAX-VNAMEL variable, 11-13

SELDI-VNAME variable, 11-13

SELDV variable, 11-8

SELDVLN variable, 11-9

SELDVTYP variable, 11-11

SQLADR subroutine, 11-14

SQLDFND variable, 11-8

SQLDNUM variable, 11-8

structure, 11-8

SQLDFND variable (SQLDA), 11-8

SQLDNUM variable (SQLDA), 11-8

SQLERRD(3) field, 8-11

using with batch fetch, 7-8

SQLERRD(3) variable, 8-9

SQLERRD(5) field, 8-12

SQLERRMC field, 8-11

SQLERRMC variable, 8-9

SQLERRML field, 8-11

SQLERROR condition, 8-16

of WHENEVER directive, 8-16

WHENEVER directive, F-95

SQLFC parameter, 8-23

SQLGLM subroutine

example, 8-14

parameters, 8-13

provides DSNTIAR support for DB2 conversions, 8-15

purpose, 8-13

restrictions, 8-14

syntax, 8-13

SQLGLS routine, 8-22, 8-23

parameters, 8-22

SQL codes returned by, 8-23

syntax, 8-22

using to obtain SQL text, 8-22

SQLIEM subroutine

restrictions, 8-14

SQLNUL subroutine

example, 11-22

parameters, 11-22

purpose, 11-22

syntax, 11-22

SQLPR2 subroutine, 11-21

SQLPRC subroutine

example, 11-20

parameters, 11-20

purpose, 11-20

syntax, 11-20

SQLROWIDGET

retrieving ROWID of last row inserted, 4-36

SQLSTATE

declaring, 8-3

SQLSTATE status variable

class code, 8-4

coding scheme, 8-4

effect of MODE option, 8-3

interpreting values, 8-4

predefined classes, 8-5

predefined status codes and conditions, 8-31

subclass code, 8-4

usage, 8-3

SQLSTM parameter, 8-22

SQLSTM routine, 8-22

SQLWARN(4) flag, 8-12

SQLWARNING

condition WHENEVER directive, F-95

SQLWARNING condition, 8-16

of WHENEVER directive, 8-16

statement-level rollback, 3-17

breaking deadlocks, 3-17

status codes for error reporting, 8-9

STMLEN parameter, 8-23

STOP action

of WHENEVER directive, 8-17, F-95

stored procedure

opening a cursor, 6-35

sample programs, 6-35

stored procedures

opening a cursor, 6-32

sample programs, 6-24

stored subprogram

calling, 6-22

creating, 6-21

packaged versus standalone, 6-21

stored versus inline, D-4

using to improve performance, D-4

stored subprogram, calling, 6-21

STRING datatype, 4-9

string literals

continuing on the next line, 2-13

subprogram, PL/SQL, 6-4

subprogram, PL/SQL or Java, 6-21

subquery, 5-10

example, 5-10, 5-11

using in the SET clause, 5-11

using in the VALUES clause, 5-10

syntactic checking, E-2

syntax

continuation lines, 2-13

embedded SQL statements, 2-15

SQLADR subroutine, 11-14

SQLGLM subroutine, 8-13

SQLNUL subroutine, 11-22

SQLPRC, 11-20

syntax diagrams

description of, F-7

how to read, F-7

how to use, F-7

symbols used in, F-7

syntax, embedded SQL, 2-6

SYSDATE function, 4-12

SYSDBA privilege, A-3

SYSDBA privilege show to set, 3-11

SYSOPER privilege, A-3

how to set, 3-11

system failures

effect on transactions, 3-13

System Global Area (SGA), 6-21

table (host) elements

maximum, 7-3

table lock

acquiring with LOCK TABLE, 3-22

row share, 3-22

when released, 3-23

tables

elements, 7-2

inserting rows into, F-55

updating rows in, F-88

tables of group items, A-3

tables, host, 7-2

TERMINAL format

COBOL statements, 2-12

terminator for embedded SQL statements, 2-19

terminator, SQL statements, A-7

THREADS

precompiler option, 12-8, 14-40

threads, F-20

allocating context, 12-9, F-20

enabling, 12-9, F-38

freeing context, 12-9, F-21

use context, 12-9, F-22

THREADS precompiler option, 14-40

TIMESTAMP, xxxviii, A-2

TIMESTAMP datatype, 4-13

TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE datatype, 4-14

TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIMEZONE, xxxviii, A-2

TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE datatype, 4-13

TIMESTAMP WITH TIMEZONE, xxxviii, A-2

TO SAVEPOINT clause, 3-17

restrictions, 3-19

using in ROLLBACK statement, 3-17

trace facility

using to improve performance, D-5

transaction, 3-13

transactions

committing, F-15

contents, 3-13

guidelines, 3-24

how to begin, 3-13

how to end, 3-13

in-doubt, 3-23

making permanent, 3-14

read-only, 3-20

rolling back, F-77

subdividing with savepoints, 3-17

undoing, 3-15

undoing parts of, 3-18

when rolled back automatically, 3-14, 3-17

truncated values, 6-13

detecting, 4-26, 5-4

indicator variables, 6-2

truncation errors

when generated, 5-6

tuning, performance, D-2

TYPE statements

using the CHARF datatype specifier, 4-50

TYPE_CODE option

effect on functionality, 10-13

TYPE_CODE precompiler option, 14-40

UID function, 4-12

undo a transaction, F-77

universal ROWID, A-3

ROWID pseudocolumns, 4-35

UNSAFE_NULL precompiler option, 14-41

UNSIGNED datatype, 4-9

UPDATE statement, F-88

embedded SQL examples, F-92

example, 5-10

SET clause, 5-11

using host tables, 7-13

updating

rows in tables and views, F-88

use

thread context, 12-9

USER function, 4-13

user session, 3-12

user-defined record, 6-6

USERID option

using with the SQLCHECK option, E-4

USERID precompiler option, 14-41

usernames

defining, 3-2

hardcoding, 3-2

USING clause

CONNECT statement, 3-6

of FETCH statement, F-47

of OPEN statement, F-72

using in the EXECUTE statement, 9-14

using indicator variables, 9-14

using dbstring

Oracle Net database id specification, F-19

VALUE clause

initializing host variables, 4-21

VALUES clause

INSERT statement, 5-9

of embedded SQL INSERT statement, F-58

of INSERT statement, F-58

using a subquery, 5-10

VAR directive, F-92

examples, F-93

VAR statement

CONVBUFSZ clause, 4-48

syntax for, 4-46

using the CHARF datatype specifier, 4-50

VARCHAR datatype, 4-9

VARCHAR group items

implicit form, A-5

VARCHAR precompiler option, 14-42

VARCHAR pseudotype

using with PL/SQL, 6-11

VARCHAR variables

advantages, 4-34

as input variables, 4-33

as output variables, 4-34

declaring, 4-28

implicit group items, 4-29

length element, 4-29

maximum length, 4-29

referencing, 4-30

server handling, 4-33, 4-34

string element, 4-29

structure, 4-29

versus fixed-length strings, 4-34

with PL/SQL, 6-2

VARCHAR2 datatype

external, 4-9

VARNUM datatype, 4-10

VARRAW datatype, 4-10

VARYING keyword

versus VARYING phrase, 4-29

versions of COBOL supported, 2-12

views

inserting rows into, F-55

updating rows in, F-88

warning flags for error reporting, 8-9

WHENEVER

DO CALL example, 8-19

WHENEVER directive, 8-15, F-94

careless usage, 8-21

CONTINUE action, 8-16

DO CALL action, 8-16

DO PERFORM action, 8-17

example, 8-18

examples, F-96

GOTO action, 8-17

overview, 2-11

purpose, 8-15

scope of, 8-20

SQLERROR condition, 8-16

SQLWARNING condition, 8-16

STOP action, 8-17

syntax, 8-17

using to check SQLCA automatically, 8-15

WHENEVER DO CALL, A-3

WHERE clause, 5-11

DELETE statement, 5-11

of DELETE statement, F-33

of UPDATE statement, F-91

search condition, 5-11

SELECT statement, 5-8

UPDATE statement, 5-11

using host tables, 7-18

WHERE CURRENT OF clause, 5-16

WITH HOLD

clause of DECLARE CURSOR statement, 5-14

WITH HOLD clause, A-6

WORK option

of COMMIT statement, F-16

of ROLLBACK statement, F-78

XREF precompiler option, 14-42