Oracle® Internet Directory Administrator's Guide,
10g Release 2 (10.1.2) B14082-02 |
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Oracle Internet Directory is a key element of the Oracle Identity Management Infrastructure. This enables you to deploy multiple Oracle components to work against a shared instance of Oracle Internet Directory and associated infrastructure pieces. This sharing allows an enterprise to simplify security management across all applications.
In addition to the role it plays in the Oracle Identity Management infrastructure, Oracle Internet Directory provides many powerful features for protecting information.
This chapter gives a conceptual overview of Oracle Internet Directory security features. It contains these topics:
Oracle Internet Directory ensures that data has not been modified, deleted, or replayed during transmission by using Secure Sockets Layer (SSL). SSL generates a cryptographically secure message digest—through cryptographic checksums using either the MD5 algorithm or the Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA)—and includes it with each packet sent across the network.
Oracle Internet Directory ensures that data is not disclosed during transmission by using public key encryption available with SSL. In public-key encryption, the sender of a message encrypts the message with the public key of the recipient. Upon delivery, the recipient decrypts the message using the recipient's private key. Specifically, Oracle Internet Directory supports two levels of encryption available through SSL:
The DES40 algorithm, available internationally, is a variant of DES in which the secret key is preprocessed to provide 40 effective key bits. It is designed for use by customers outside the USA and Canada who want to use a DES-based encryption algorithm. This feature gives commercial customers a choice in the algorithm they use, regardless of their geographic location.
Oracle has obtained license to export the RC4 data encryption algorithm with a 40-bit key size to virtually all destinations where other Oracle products are available. This makes it possible for international corporations to safeguard their entire operations with fast cryptography.
Authorization is the permission given to a user, program, or process to access an object or set of objects. When directory operations are attempted within a directory session, the directory server ensures that the user has the permissions to perform those operations. If the user does not have the permissions, then the directory server disallows the operation. The directory server protects directory data from unauthorized operations by directory users by using access control information.
Access control information is the directory metadata that captures the administrative policies relating to access control. This information is stored in Oracle Internet Directory as user-modifiable operational attributes, each of which is called an access control item (ACI).
Typically, a list of these ACI attribute values, called an access control list (ACL), is associated with directory objects. The attribute values on that list represent the permissions that various directory user entities (or subjects) have on a given object.
An ACI consists of:
The object to which you are granting access
The entities or subjects to whom you are granting access
The kind of access you are granting
Access control policies can be prescriptive, that is, their security directives can be set to apply downward to all entries at lower positions in the directory information tree (DIT). The point from which such an access control policy applies is called an access control policy point (ACP).
ACIs are represented and stored as text strings in the directory. These strings must conform to a well-defined format, called the ACI directive format. Each valid value of an ACI attribute represents a distinct access control policy.
The following features of directory access control can be used by applications running in a hosted environment.
Prescriptive access control
Enables the service provider to specify access control lists (ACLs) for a collection of directory objects, instead of having to state the policies for each individual object. This feature simplifies the administration of access control, especially in large directories where many objects are governed by identical or similar policies.
Hierarchical access control administration model
Enables the service provider to delegate directory administration to hosted companies. The realm could in turn delegate further if necessary.
Administrative override control for delegated domains
Enables the service provider to perform diagnosis and recovery from unintentional account lockout or accidental security exposure.
Dynamic evaluation of access control entities
Enables subtree administrators to identify both subjects and objects in terms of their namespace and their association with other objects in the directory. For example, the administrator of one realm can allow only a user's manager to update that user's salary attribute. The administrator of another realm can establish and enforce a different policy regarding salary attributes.
Authentication is the process by which the directory server establishes the true identity of the user connecting to the directory. It occurs when an LDAP session is established by means of the ldapbind operation. Thus every session has an associated user identity.
To verify the identities of users, hosts, and clients, Oracle Internet Directory enables three general kinds of authentication, and these are described in these topics:
This section describes the three kinds of direct authentication available within Oracle Internet Directory, and about how SASL-enabled clients authenticate to a directory server. The three kinds of direct authentication options are:
When users authenticate anonymously, they simply leave the user name and password fields blank when they log in. Each anonymous user then exercises whatever privileges are specified for anonymous users.
When using simple authentication, the client identifies itself to the server by means of a DN and a password that are not encrypted when sent over the network.
Authentication by using Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL)
This is a method for adding authentication support to connection-based protocols. To use SASL, a protocol includes a command for identifying and authenticating a user to a server and for optionally negotiating protection of subsequent protocol interactions. If the use of SASL is successfully negotiated, then a security layer is inserted between the protocol and the connection.
Oracle Internet Directory supports two authentication mechanisms with SASL:
Digest MD5—The required authentication mechanism within LDAP Version 3 (RFC 2829). It uses the MD5 hash function to convert a message of any length to a 128 bit message digest that can be used as a verifier for client/server authentication.
External authentication—Mechanism using SSL mutual authentication. In this case, the client, in lieu of a user name and password, authenticates to the server by means of a certificate, token, or some other device. Certificate authentication can take the following forms:
Exact match—the subject DN in the client certificate is compared with the user DN in the directory. If the two values match, a bind occurs.
Certificate hash—The client certificate is hashed and is then compared with the hashed value of the certificate stored in the directory. If the two values match and only one DN is associated with the pair, a bind occurs. If two or more DNs are associated, an error will be returned because certificate hash and user DN is an n-to-1 mapping and not a 1-to-n mapping. That is, you can have many certificates associated with one DN, but only one DN associated with a certificate.
Exact match/certificate hash—An exact-match search is performed first. If this search yields nothing, a certificate hash is performed.
To choose one of these methods, edit the DSA configuration parameter orclpkimatchingrule
as prescribed in "Oracle Identity Management LDAP Attribute Reference" in Oracle Identity Management User Reference. (For authentication, an orclpkimatchingrule
value of 3 or 4 is equivalent to a value of 2.)
Notes:
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See Also:
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Indirect authentication occurs through any entity that has credentials in the directory—for example, an application such as the Oracle Internet Directory Self-Service Console, or a middle tier such as a firewall or a RADIUS server. The application or middle tier becomes a proxy user. A proxy user has the privilege to impersonate an end user, performing on that user's behalf those operations for which that user has privileges.
Figure 12-1 and the accompanying text explain how indirect authentication takes place.
Indirect authentication takes place as follows:
The end user sends to the application or middle tier a request containing a query to Oracle Internet Directory. The application or middle tier authenticates the end user.
The application or middle tier binds to the directory.
The application or middle tier performs a second bind, this time using the DN of the end user. It does not enter the end user's password.
The directory server recognizes this second bind as an attempt by the application or middle tier to switch to the end user's identity. It trusts the authentication granted to the end user by the application or middle tier, but must verify that the application or middle tier has the right to be the proxy for this user. It checks to see whether the ACP governing the end user entry gives this application or middle tier the proxy right for this end user.
If the end user entry does give the application or middle tier the necessary proxy right, then the directory server changes the authorization identity to that of the end user. All subsequent operations occur as if that end user had connected directly to the server and had been directly authenticated.
If the end user entry does not give the application or middle tier the necessary proxy right, then the directory server returns an "Insufficient Access" error message.
The directory server can, in the same session, authenticate and authorize other end users. It can also switch the session from the end user to the application or middle tier that opened the session.
To close the session, the application or middle tier sends an unbind request to the directory server.
For example, suppose you have:
A middle tier that binds to the directory as cn=User1
, which has proxy access on the entire directory
An end user that can bind to the directory as cn=User2
When this end user sends to the application or middle tier a request containing a query to the directory, the application or middle tier authenticates the end user. The middle tier service then binds to the directory by using its own identity, cn=User1
, then performs a second bind, this time by using only the DN of the end user, cn=User2
. The Oracle directory server recognizes this second bind as an attempt by the proxy user to impersonate the end user. After the directory server verifies that cn=user1
has proxy access, it allows this second bind to succeed. It does not require any further validation of the end-user DN, such as a password. For the rest of the session, all LDAP operations are access-controlled as if cn=User2
were performing them.
If one user is being serviced by an application, and another user subsequently requests a service of that same application, then the application can establish a new connection and proceed as previously described without disrupting that prior session. If, however, no prior user is still being serviced, then the existing established connection can be re-used again and again without the need for a new connection.
Perhaps your enterprise stores user security credentials in a repository other than Oracle Internet Directory—for example, a database or another LDAP directory. With Oracle Internet Directory external authentication and password modification plug-ins, you can use these credentials for user authentication to Oracle components. You do not need to store the credentials in Oracle Internet Directory and then worry about keeping them synchronized.
Oracle Internet Directory can protect a user's directory password by storing it in the userPassword
attribute as a one-way hashed value. You select the hashing algorithm you want to use. Storing passwords as one-way hashed values—rather than as encrypted values—more fully secures them because a malicious user can neither read nor decrypt them.
A password policy is a set of rules governing how passwords are used. When a user attempts to bind to the directory, the directory server ensures that the password meets the various requirements set in the password policy.
When you establish a password policy, you set the following types of rules, to mention just a few:
The maximum length of time a given password is valid
The minimum number of characters a password must contain
The number of numeric characters required in a password
See Also: Chapter 15, "Password Policies in Oracle Internet Directory" for a fuller description of the rules you set when establishing password policies |
The section "Direct Authentication" introduced the use of SASL within an Oracle Internet Directory environment. This section describes more fully how SASL works. It contains these topics:
How a SASL-Enabled Client Authenticates to a Directory Server by Using Digest-MD5
How a SASL-Enabled Client Authenticates to a Directory Server by Using External Authentication
How a SASL-Enabled Client Authenticates to a Directory Server by Using Digest-MD5
When a SASL-enabled client seeks Digest-MD5 authentication to a server, the authentication process is as follows:
The directory server sends to the LDAP client a digest-challenge that includes various Digest-MD5 authentication options that it supports and a special token.
The client selects an authentication option, then sends a digest-response to the server indicating the option it has selected. The response includes some secure tokens and a client credential in encrypted format. This allows it to authenticate itself to the server.
The directory server then decrypts and verifies the client credential from the response.
How a SASL-Enabled Client Authenticates to a Directory Server by Using External Authentication
Oracle Internet Directory provides SASL-external authentication over an SSL connection in which both client and server authenticate themselves to each other by providing certificates. The DN is derived from the client certificate used in the SSL network negotiation.
When a client seeks authentication to a directory server by using an external authentication mechanism such as SSL, the authentication process is as follows:
The client sends an initial message with the authorization identity.
The directory server uses information external to SASL to determine whether the client can validly authenticate as the authorization identity. If the client can validly authenticate, then the directory server indicates successful completion of the authentication exchange. Otherwise, the directory server indicates failure.
The system providing the external information may be IPsec or SSL/TLS. The authorization identity is derived as follows:
In case of exact match, the authorization identity is derived from the client authentication credentials in the system providing external authentication—for example, the client SSL certificate.
In case of exact match, the authorization identity is derived from the client authentication credentials in the system providing external authentication—for example, the client SSL certificate
If the client sends an empty string as the authorization identity, then the authorization identity is derived from the client authentication credentials in the system providing external authentication—for example, the SSL certificate.