THE APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY FOR SOLID WASTES IN TOURISTIC REGIONS

THE APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY FOR SOLID WASTES IN TOURISTIC REGIONS

Prof. Dr. Ertuğrul Erdin

Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Çevre Mühendisliği Bölümü Buca/İZMİR

INRODUCTION.

Foreign tourists at last understood that Turkey is a tourism paradise in the past few years. But this property of Turkey was present for many years before this discovery, with its historical and cultural treasures, its sunny shoress, unpolluted and beautiful beaahes, beautţful forests, its hot mineral springs, its high plateaus with fresh and healty atmosphere, its lakes, its mountains suitable for winter sports and wealthy cultural heritage of Anatolia.

Summer tourism which has a great importance in the economy of Turkey is mostly collected at Agean and Mediterranean regions. This situation increases investments at these coastal cities. But in these regions, especially at summer time, the infrastructure becomes insufficient, aand uncontrolled pollutions appear because of increament seen in population. Apart from domestic originated pollution, the industrial processes in nearby regions increase the dimensions of the pollution by their gases, liquid wasttes and solid wastes. By the effects of these pollutants, the natural treasures and beauties of Turkey corrupt and the balance ofthe ecosystem shifts to the negative side. Aliaºa Bay, İzmir Bay, İzmit Bay, Gökova Bay, Bursa Plain, and Murgul region are all examples of these polluted areas.

In the progress of human kind, industrialization and enlargement of cities in Turkey can not be prevented. But during this fast progression, the natural balance and the heavenly regins of Turkey, thatt were formed after billions of years, must not be destroyed.

If industrialization and anlargement of cities and tourism activities can be carried out within limits of orderly plans, than these pollution sources can be controlled. On the other hand ţf this process works successfully, the destructed nature can turn to its original potential with a very low cost.

As itt was said before, the increament of population in touristic regions at tourism season, increaeses the load of city's infrastructure. Also the quantity of solid wastes changes. In these regions making establishments depending on the population in tourism season and then creating a capacity for fixed population is not an economic and a meaningful solution. Selections, designs and applications of the processes should go through engineering mentality. At he same time Environmental Impact Assessment reports must be prepared. In this study, the septic tank of Marmaris is one of the main touristic regions of Turkey and studies done to solve solid wastes problems in this area with negative technology, takes place.

PREVIOUS STUDIES DONE FOR TOURISTIC REGIONS.

Arsu (1984), Taţtan (1984), Daban (1984), aand Ünalan(1986) did solid waste handling plant projects for Antalya, Kemer, Marmaris, Bodrum and Kuşadasì. In their studies they gathered together all the main prospects for project design and they determined all solution alternatives for each seperate touristic region. Other than these, Erdin (1983-1984-1985) and Alyanak (1984) worked on the infrastructure of touristic regions in the aspect of environmental technology. In these studies, one of the important things they pointed out was, that while Kuşadasì has both a sewerage system and a sea outfall system Bodrum and Marmaris do not have any sewerage system or a treatment plant. On these areas there are small volumed treatment plants only for holliday villages or for military zones, like Kuştur Holliday Village in Kuşadasì, Turban Holiday Village in Marmaris military places in Bodrum etc. Çeşme Turban Hotel and Altìnyunus are planning to construct treatment plants in the future. So it can be seen very clearly that the most important touristic areas in Turkey still have a lot of way to go in order to prevent pollution of their natural treassures.

Characteristics of garbage examples taken from different touristic regions are shown in Table . These characteristics were determined by material group analyses. As one can see from this table, material groups which can be recycled are very much in quantity. On the other hand food rests, garden rests and most of fie materials (smaller than 150 mm) are appropriate for compost plants.

On July 1985, garbage examples taken from yatch harbor, market place, Aktur Holiday Center were examined. These examinations showed that solid wastes from yatch harbor give the highest volatile solids conent, which is 90.9%, because of their high paper, nylon, plaastic and plant contents. Gümbet gave 69.6% and others gave 76 - 88% values. This means that organic matter content of solid wastes is very high.

Analyses done for solid wastes of Marmaris on August 1985 showed almost the same results (Erdin,1985). So eliminating these solid wastes at a compost plaantt seems to be a good solution.

MARMARİS PILOT STUDY.

In the studies done for Marmaris since 1982, from environmental point of view and in the aspec of shore pollution and tourism, it was shown thatt in areas having high touristic potential, the high rate of development and the increase of touristic population cause a deviation in ecologic balance, and destroy the natural environment. But making effort to prevent these happenigs throughout Turkey at the same time is impossible. Because of this reason priority is given to Bodrum, Marmaris and Antalya Kemer regions. This is throught to be sufficient for today.

┌─────────────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┬

│ │Market & │Earth │Apartment│Mineral &│Melez │General │Accepted │

│ Place │Yatch │quake │Develop. │Springs │Vicinity │Average │Average │

│ │Harbor │Area │& Turban │Martì Mot│ │ │ │

│ Material ├────┬────┼────┬────┼────┬────┼────┬────┼────┬────┼────┬────┼────┬────┼

│ Group │ kg │ Lt │ kg │ Lt │ kg │ Lt │ kg │ Lt │ kg │ Lt │ kg │ Lt │ kg │ Lt │

├─────────────────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼

│ Food │ 180│ 493│ 254│ 707│ 205│ 560│ 159│ 412│ 179│ 499│ 195│ 534│ 176│ 480│

│ Vegatable │ 339│1012│ 709│1926│ 547│1423│ 265│ 716│ 390│1067│ 450│1229│ 405│1106│

│ Paper-Cartoon │ 74│ 575│ 58│ 468│ 135│1069│ 76│ 618│ 133│1081│ 95│ 762│ 86│ 686│

│ Plastic-Nylon │ 54│ 590│ 48│ 617│ 52│ 616│ 61│ 794│ 62│ 789│ 55│ 681│ 50│ 619│

│ Metal(Tin │ 26│ 311│ 36│ 409│ 20│ 234│ 33│ 391│ 24│ 282│ 28│ 325│ 25│ 293│

│ Glass │ 48│ 190│ 48│ 194│ 39│ 153│ 57│ 221│ 48│ 188│ 48│ 489│ 43│ 170│

│ Light garbage │1082│2373│1730│3777│1497│3275│ 976│2099│2090│4514│1307│3208│1176│2887│

│ Average │1803│5544│2933│8098│2495│7330│1628│5251│2926│8420│2178│6928│1961│6241│

└─────────────────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴

In order to determine the cultural and social-economic structure of Marmaris an inquiry was done. Its values can be seen in Table and economic development and the approach for tourism between different secors are shown in Table .

Calculation of population projections were done by taking three periods like winter, summer and transition periods as the fundemental principle, TAble . In Table solid waste parameters and analyse results for Marmaris region can be seen. In Table the weight and volume of solid wastes produced only by one person are shown. By the help of tthis datum, necessary quantity of garbage collection containers and garbage trucks were calculated. These containers are collected with hydraulic garbage trucks so emptying them into the truck is very easy. These trucks come in different sizes and shapes as seen in Table

For Marmaris chosing the right place as the solid waste handling center was detailly done in another study (Erdin, 1985). From the results of Environmental Impact Assessment report which is a part of the so-called study, an area which is inside the forest on Datça highway was chosen, Figure 1.a.b. Thia area came out to be the most appropriate place as Solid Wastes Handling Center (SWHC) from Environmental Impact Assessment reports. On Figure 1.a the other two alternative areas and SWHCs can be seen. As it is seen on the same figure, if needed solid waste transition stations can be formed and this way all solid wastes of the whole area can easly come to SWHC. This place is very suitable for its topographic situation and dominant wind directions.

On photographs, experimental studies and SWHC can be seen.Center conserves a compost plant, burning unit funnel and an aerobic land fill area.

From solid waste analyses done for Marmaris, Bodrum and Turgutreis average values of important material groups were obtained, and ttheir thermal values and fuel need were calculated. From these garbage examples it is obvious that the organic matter content is very high. But because of not being able to prevent wet solid waste interference, fuel need is more than what it is thought to be theoritically. From this example

References

1. Erdin, E. : Katı Atıklar Teknolojisi. DEÜ. Buca İZMİR