Prof.Dr. Ertugrul ERDIN

Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi

Buca – IZMIR TURKEI

Izmir is one of the biges city and industrial-commercial centres of Turkey. An otherseits is an important harbour city. Izmir had been a center of ancient civilisations in city self and with its presented environment and possibilities .

The democrasie was started from izmir at 1946 , simulur that composting also was started from izmir at 1968. First composting facilities are prosssed by the technologie with DANO-Biostabilisatin, which was a technologietransfer from danmark.. it was two facilies one of eat part of cıty one other one nord part of cıty. Durıng last yaers metropol izmir hcnged to the megapol. Therefore facilities are have been mitten settlement. Planers of cıty should be thinking a find new solution for the disposel /handling of solid wastes in izmir.

DANO- Biostabilisators are working more then 20 years. Since 1968/69 operated two DANO Composting facilities are of 75 tons batch capacity for each one. For the 8 hours detentionstime of waste , 2 shifts per day increased the capacity to 150 tons per factory.

In DANO –Drums the temperature was raised to 55 – 65 o C in a short time period and aerobic degradation begines rapidly .the compost heaped for 2-3 months period is ripe and can be sold as humus material for soils .

The starting of constraction from new compostig facility Eskiizmir-Uzundere after finishing planing and ending all procures was at 1986 . The factory is since end of 1988 working. This new composting facility was manufactured by the foreign firms with joint company Philipp Holzman (Frankfurt), Gebrüder Bühler (Uzwil), Bühler Miag (Braunschweig) and türkish building fırm GAMA (Ankara) .

The manufacturation of this new factory has needed only two years. Since Dezember 1988 is operated.

Staff of factury two mechanical engieneers, and compstingstechniker , who are working bevor by the old DANO-Biosatabilisatorsfacilies in Izmir.

Machine operators and workers for the separation of recycbel materials.

Since 1988 composting plant worked by the defizit. Mayor of the city is thinking often to give decission and close the facility.

Two jears aigo one france company would like give the financement oppurtunity for the sanitation of composting plant. But coud not be realised, because of changing on mayor after lokal election..

Generally Solid Waste composition in different cities of turkey like Istanbul and Izmir are given on the table :

Table 1: :Generally Solid Waste composition in different cities of turkey like Istanbul and Izmir (weight %)

Istanbul Izmir

Material group

Vegatable (biowastes ) 60.0 62.0

Paper 12.0 14.0

Glass 2.0 2.5

Metals 2.0 2.0

Leather 2.0 2.0

(Textiles)

Plastics 3.0 3,5

Stones 1.0 2.0

Others (ash, etc.) 18.0 14.0

Moisture content 55-65% 60-70%

1. Constitution

2. Environment Law

3. Noise Pollution Control Regulation

4. Air Quality Protection Regulation

5. Water Pollution Control Regulation

6. Water Products Law

7. Law about Groundwater

8. İZSU Wastewater Discharge to Sewerage System Regulation

9. Solid Waste Control Regulation

10.Notice about Hospital Wastes

11.Hygiene Law

12.Municipality Law

13.Law no:3030

14.Regulation about the application of Law No 3030

15.Public Improvements Law

16.Village Law

17.National Parks Law

18.Cultural and Natural Wealth Protection Law

19.Forest Law

20.Law About Approval of Written Degree about Employment Place and

Working Permits by Changing

Increasing population and developing technology are caused different type and amount of solid wastes. Solid waste problem is one of the major environmental problems. There are approximately 2,000 solid waste dumping area in Turkey, which are potential hazard for human health and not meet with the standards. There have been before Harmandali landfill ,approximately 10 solid waste wild dumping area in Izmir.

In the area of coastal districts, the daily production of MSW is lower than 1 kg per capita with an high organic putrescible content. But USW (urban solid wastes ) generation per capita per day is close 1.0 kg. An analysis of MSW related to the tourist area gives: organic 55-65 %, paper/board 9-12 %, glass 2-3 %, plastics 3- 4 %, metals 1- 2 %. The collection of MSW in the center of cities is carried out every

day using steel barrels placed on the curbs in front of the buildings; in the poorer quarters other various steel container are used in general recovered from post consumers wastes.

Table 2 . Typical composition of MW in Izmir as (Erdin,1980) .

Table 4 : Water content of the solid wastes and chemical compound

Min. as % Max. as % Aver. as %

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Water 46 55 50

Organic matter 39 48 44

Inorganic matter 6 6 6

*By the min. Water Content is the composition:

WatC 46 % + IOM 6 % + OM 48 % = 100 % Total

*By the max. Water Content is the composition :

WatC 55 % + IOM 6 % + OM 39 % = 100 % Total

*By the aver. Water Content is the composition :

WatC 50 % + IOM 6 % + OM 44 % = 100 % Total

- Food wastes 0.434 kg/d. capita

- Garden, green wastes 0.084 kg/d. capita

- Paper, cardboard 0.063 kg/d. capita

Total amount 0.581 kg/d. capita

Amount of per capıta generated recycable solid wastes :

Paper, cardboard 0.063 kg/d. capita

Glass 0.007 kg/d. capita

Metals 0.007 kg/d. capita

Plastics 0.028 kg/d. capita

Total amount 0.105 kg/d. capita

Amount of per capita generated dumping solid wastes :

Not recycable, not copostable material 0.077 kg/d. capita

The average composition of municipal solid wastes are rich on food and poor on paper and plastics compared to composition of EC countries solid wastes .

Moisture content is apr. 40 - 50 % and density of SW is 0.30 - 0.35 tons/m3 , a calorific value 6000 - 8000 kJoule/kg SW. The generated average value of solid wastes per capita is about 0.7 kg/day for the and , for the cities about 1.0 kg/day.capita

The new Bühler (Uzwil) Composting Facility

Bühler (Uzwil) Facility is situated on the edge of the eskiizmir- uzundere, which very far from city was, but now settlemnt closed to facility, beacuase of very high emigrationrate to city izmir.

The new composting facility was manufactured by the capacity 500 tons wastes /day.

At the moment genareted solid wastes amount are 2 700 tons per days , which are coming from different sources.

The designed capacity of composting factory was 500 tons per day. in the first a few years was also simular capacity occurred. . years after years was materialbilance going bed and morst

Now only 250 tons mixing waste material are going to the facility inpoot. Compost outpoot is ca. 45-50 tons per days. 100 tons is residues which are transportend and landfilled without any protection investment. Ca. 10 tons are recycebel materials like paper, plastics, glas, alu- and stanstellcans.

The last part amount of solid wastes are loss by the digestion of biowastes during 6 weeks.

The residues of composting facility are two types one of them with smal size like <25 mm; and second tip of sizes is >45 mm. 25mm - 45 mm size are composting material.

Figures 1 and 2 shows plan situation and the flow shit of processing of city solid wastes from the area part which are near to facility.

Leachate of residues are not high polluted like untreated materials..

Material bilanz of composting factory

In pot: Slid wastes....................1000 kg..required landfill volum 1331 l

The residues are filling at the valley , which is very closed to facility. The residues amount change between 35-40 % , therefore compost product is changing between 20 –25 % .

The tables are given the qualities of compost products.

Table 7 : Compound of the compost materials (by dry weight)

Parameter Dimension Parameter Dimension

pH 7,5 Mg % 0,45

VS % 38,74 Na % 0,54

Salt % 0,54 Fe % 1,10

Organic mather % 30,44 Zn ppm 540

Nitrogen % 1,18 Mn ppm 238

P2O5 % 0,41 Cu ppm 250

K2O % 1,08 B ppm 70

B soluble ppm 38,0

We have a excelent laws and regulations but those should be applicated, that is our main problem:

The Regulation for Management of Solid Wastes Nr. 20814 dated 14^th March 1991 organizes legal basis and aspects of collection, transport, handling, and disposal of garbage and solid wastes in Turkey.

such big cities majors are trying to realize all regulations and have many time started the projects for separated collection of solid wastes at the sources but they did’ t have any success .

In the 1st and the 2nd paragraphs of "Regulation of Control of Solid Wastes" , following explanations have been stated:

The fermentation has aeration problem , mixing, detention time over moisture content ,odour problems

The problem is the technical rehabilitation and education of staff from facility .

New starting of the facility by the new ideas , and new future aspects.

One sanitation project should be as soon as possible started and finished. EU can be giving a financial support for the realization of that subject.

Efficiency of process is not good. Therefore we have to make one exactly

For the cost covered solid wastes management and operation of the facility we have to think deepthly and built ouer management structure like following issues:

- Classification of wastes

- Organization of collection

. Through municipal company

. Through private company

. Through private and municipal company

Combinated private/municipal company

. Pick-up system during the day or by the night

. 120, 240, 500, 1100 litre or greater containers.

- Selective collection

. Selective collection practices has been a widespread development in the developped countries specially for the bioorganic materials, for recycable materials and for those consdered hazardous .

. Selective collection of hazardous urban refuse has reached a very important proportion at the last time .

- Disposal charges

. Disposal charges are usually calculated in the basis of the volume of containers ( bins, or sacks ) and in the collection frequency.

- Disposal costs

. Disposal costs are the sums of collection, transportation and treatment operations ; and treatment costs for residue incineration or to discharging in sanitary landfill, etc.

- The pick-up of recovered materials from storage and compressing/baling warehouse to which municipality will be taking

- Organize and manage on a regional or multi-regional level the selection and recycling stations for plastics

. cleaning of containers of all traces

. treat the washing waters

. operate the plastics sorting

. produce the respective regenerated products

- The difficulty of municipalities in finding markets for recycled material.

Erdin, e. (1989) : the new composting facility in izmir – turkey.

6^th International Recycling congress and exhibition in berlin. November 28-30 in ıcc berlin.

Erdin, e. (1991) : Cevko –Bericht . Çevmer İzmir.

Loehr, C. R. , et al. (1979) : Land Application of Wastes Volume l and Volume ll . Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York

Hagerty, D.J. , et al. (1973) : Solid Waste Management. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York

Obrist, W. (1987) : Material Balance of The Composting Process. Swiss Research. Pages 32-33 . Zürich

MAP/PAP/RAC (1990) :Preliminary Study of The Integrated Plan For The Syrian Coastal Region . UNEP. Syrian Arab Republic Ministry

of State for Environment .

Erdin, E. (1992) :"Solid Wastes Management and Disposal in Coastal Area of Syrian Arab Republic" Mediterranean Action Plan-United Nations Environment Programme (PAP/RAC), Split.

Tabasaran, O. (1998) : The composting in Turkey. International Congress in Konya.

1. Izmir and ist environment for the marketing of the compost product from the compost facility Uzundere
2. Location plan of the compost facility from Izmir
3. Compost processing flow shit at the facility