COLLECTION AND AN APPROACH TO REUTILISATION OF LIQUID CONTAINER WASTES
Prof. Dr. Ertuðrul ERDÝN
Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi
Mühendislik Mimarlýk Fakültesi
Çevre Mühendisliði Bölümü Bornova/Ýzmir
INTRODUCTION
To prevent the environmental pollution and to accomplish the economical developing with together environmental protecting, are realities which have been accepted by everyone. To prevent the environment without any pollution and to use the natural sources consciously. In spite of that this aspect is a new phenomenon for Turkey, it is stated on the "Environmental Law" which became effective on June 11th, 1983, numbered as 2872. According to 10th paragraph of this law, organizations and industrial plants which could cause the environmental problems at the end of the activities which are planned by them, must prepare the "Environmental Impact Assessment Report"..
The Regulation for Management of Solid Wastes Nr. 20814 dated 14th March 1991 organzes legal aspects of collection, transport and disposal of garbage and solid wastes in Turkey. Definitions are given in Article 3.
Definitions
- Producer : Persons or entities causing formation of wastes during their activities.
- Domestic solid waste : They are wasted from the houses, which are not stated on the list of hazardous waste. Also, wastes which are originated from the large green areas such as park, garden, picnic area, are classified into this category.
- Dry wastes : which can be collected by the containers for valuable materials such as glass, paper, cardboard, plastics, metals and similar recycable wastes.
- Biowastes=wetwastes : are organic wastes such as food, vegetables and fruits which are sent to compost factory and converted into humus matter (stabilized organic matter).
- Other garbage and solid wastes : are such as ash, slag, stone , porcelain ,etc. which are directly sent to landfill areas.
- Household dangerous wastes : are such as batteries, drugs, cans of paint, cans of pesticid etc.
- Discarded batteries : Used batteries of various types , such as mercury, cadmium, nickel and lead-acid, may be sold for the recovery of reusable materials.
- Waste containing asbestos : Precautions for handling , disposal or reuse should be consistent with the hazard of asbestos dust at trace contaminant levels. Enclosure of such waste into a "fixid" substance should be done under conditions that prevent the release of asbestos fibres to the air. Waste containening asbestos may be disposed of under controlled conditions at landfill sites authorized to receive such waste.
- Infectious wastes : They could be categorized into three group. The first group includes tools which carry the illness and are wasted from the clinics and wanted to insulate by the authoritzed hospital person. The second group includes pathogenic wastes such as tissue, blood, organ, guinea pig, organisms, etc., which are originated from the laboratories. The third group includes pathogenic samples which are wasted from operating room and emergency room.
- Pharmaceutical waste : All unwanted pharmceuticals should be returned to the pharmacy, which will determine the most suitable method of disposal.
- Seperate collection : Household and particularly industrial wastes will be collected in seperate containers or tins manually or with tools according to their types.
- Transfer station : A place or facility where wastes are trans-ferred from smaller collection vehicles (e.g., compactor trucks) into larger transport hehicles (e.g. , Over-the-road and off-road tractor trailers, railroad gondola cars , or barges ) for movement to disposal area , usually landfills . In some transfer operations , compaction or seperation may be done at the station.
- Secondary sorting : This operation will be made at places where solid wastes is despatched for disposal or recycling.
- Recycling : Procedure which is carried out without any chemical and biological treatment for some reusable materials such as paper, plastic, glass and can. These materials can be returned into economical processes.
- Recovery : Recoveryis a general term used to describe the extraction of economically usable materials or energy from wastes The concept may involve recycling or conversion into different and sometimes, unrelated uses.
- Reuse : The use os a waste material or product more than once.
Example ; containers on deposit or multiway bottles.
- Quota : The ratio of the quantity of recollected containers to the quantity of containers filled as of years, for the purpose of recycling and disposal of filled plastic or metal containers.
- Disposal : Procedures which are related with some activities such as temporarily gathering at houses and places, collecting from these places, transporting to final station and appraising for saving of matter and energy. The last procedure includes recycling, recovery and reuse. Sanitary landfill and incineration are also disposal alternatives.
Temporary accumulation of solid wastes in houses and places of business, collection and transport of wastes and to have the wastes unharmful for environment and human health by way of orderly storage for burning, composting or recycling for gaining materials or energy and all procedures performed there on for providing contribution to ecenomy. Table 1 presented disposal methods.
Table 1 : Different solid wastes disposal methods in EC - Country ( in % )
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Sanitary Dumping, Country Landfill Composting Incineration Others
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FRG 70 3 27 --
Belgium 65 7 28 --
Denmark 40 4 56 --
France 54 11 35 --
Ireland 100 00 00 --
Italy 53 10 32 5
Luxemburg 24 0 76 --
Netherland 69 1 30 --
Grece 20 3 2 75
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Turkey 10 4 1 85
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Syria 2 6 1 91
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- Processing plant : A plant which is built up for recovery and reuse, composting, incineration, energy production, volume reduction, sanitary landfilling , to make wastes unharmful for environment.
- Compost : A matter which is suitable for the soil. It is produced by aerobic stabilization of organic solid wastes.
- Incineration : Burning of garbage in special facilities utilizing inherentthermal values of solid wastes.
- Pyrolisis : A way of breaking down burnable waste by combustion in the absence of air . High heat is usually applied to the wastes in a closed chamber, and all moiture evaporates and materials break down into various hydrocarbons in liquid and gas phase, and carbon like residues.
- Wild dumping : Wastes of different kind and consistence are deposited without any plan and without permission
- Non-systematical landfill area : A landfill area in which solid wastes are wasted randomly without any precautions for human and environmental health and dumped without any covering material. Sometimes these solid wastes are burned, finally, dust, smoke and odor occur.
- Sanitary landfill area : A landfill area in which solid wastes are spread out as thin layers, compacted and covered with soil, daily. In this technique, sanitary precautions have been applied, accurately.
- High density polyethylene (PEHD=HDPE) : High density plastic material used at bottom parts of non-alcoholic beverage containers, flower pots, drainage pipes, and geomembrans etc.
- Polyethyleneterephytalate (PET) : PET is one of these resins preferred for non-alcolic bevarage containers owing to its particularities of being a cheap, light but rigid material capable of retaining carbonation.
Çevko Vakfý (Foundatýon for Environmental Protection ) which is established at 1th November 1991, are conscious about to spend efforts to satisfy the conditions set forth in the said Solid Wastes Regýlation. Therefore they are obliged to fulfill the liabilities of deposit or quota system by the reutilisation of liquid container wastes such as plastics, metals and glasses.
NACANCO, COCA-COLA EXPORT, PEPSÝ COLA, PROCTER & GAMBEL , TUBORG Bira Malt Sanayi A.Ý. , SASA , et. are memberships of ÇEVKO VAKFI.
REGULATIONS AND LAWS
Overwiev of Laws and Regulations
1. Constitution
2. Environment Law
3. Noise Pollution Control Regulation
4. Air Quality Protection Regulation
5. Water Pollution Control Regulation
6. Water Products Law
7. Law about Groundwater
8. ÝZSU Wastewater Discharge to Sewerage System Regulation
9. Solid Waste Control Regulation
10.Notice about Hospital Wastes
11.Hygiene Law
12.Municipality Law
13.Law no:3030
14.Regulation about the application of Law No 3030
15.Public Improvements Law
16.Village Law
17.National Parks Law
18.Cultural and Natural Wealth Protection Law
19.Forest Law
20.Law About Approval of Written Degree about Employment Place and
Working Permits by Changing
21.Ýzmir Metropolitan Municipality Unhealhful Establishments Regulation
22.Ýzmir Metropolitan Municipality Police Regulation
Detailed over the laws and regulations;
1) Constitution : Article 56 of Constitution of Republic of Türkiye enacted in 1982 states that, living in a healthy and balanced environment is the right of everybody and developing the environment, protecting the environmental health and prevention of environmental pollution are responsibility of both the Government and citizens.
2) Environmental Law: The purpose of this Law is protection, improvement of the environment owned by all the human beings, providing appropriate usage and protection of the urban and residential lands; prevention of air pollution; protection of plant and animal life and natural and historical wealth of the country and development of life status of current and future generations and determining measures that should be taken at this direction in harmony with economical and social development targets.
3) Noise Control Regulation: This law is prepared depending on Article 14 of Environment Law.
Its purpose is to develop an environment that does not destroy peace and silence, physical and moral health. Parallel to this purpose it covers description of terms related with noise and limits where noise control will be applied.
4) Air Quality Protection Regulation: The purpose of this regulation prepared with respect to Environment Law is, controlling any kind of emissions originating from human activities, in the form of smut, smoke, dust, gas, vapor and aerosol, protecting human beings and their environment from dangers of air pollution, eliminating and preventing desolations and negative effects of air pollution.
5) Water Pollution Control Regulation: This regulation is prepared with respect of Articles 8, 11, 12, 13 of Environment Law and its purpose is protecting and optimal usage of water resource potential of the country, preventing water pollution parallel to economical and social development targets and in this aspect presenting necessary constitutional and technical principles for water pollution control.
6) Water Products Law: This law includes factors about water products protection, production and control and states that water products production is possible only with permit memorandum. Preventions about water products protection, arrangements for development, incitement and preservation are purchased by this Law and regulations and circulates related to this Law. With these legislations seas, lakes, dam reservoirs and rivers containing water products are taken under control.
7) Groundwater Law: Groundwaters are under the control and possession of the Government. Any kind of observation that may be done with these waters and their usage, protection and registration is dependent to this law. Consequently, except hand opened wells for other wells, bores and holes permission should be taken from State Water Works (SWW). As their limits and structural properties are determined, groundwater sites are accepted and declared as "Groundwater operation sites" by the related ministry as a result of the proposal done by SWW.
8) ÝZSU Wastewater Discharge to Sewerage System Regulation: This regulation is enacted on 29.12.1987 after the decision of ÝZSU Council of Managers on 2.12.1987 and No:87/90, and the decision of general meeting on 29.12.1987 No:10 decision.
This regulation determines the factors, methods and limitations about connection of wastewaters to city sewerage system, in places without sewerage system their transportation with an appropriate vehicle and after being treated their disposal to an appropriate receiving medium and usage and protection of sewerage systems inside Ýzmir Metropolitan Municipality vicinity and water source regions.
9) Solid Waste Control Regulation: The purpose of this regulation is; forbidding any activities like disposal of any kind of waste harmful to the environment directly or indirectly to the receiving media; by taking management of all kinds of consumption materials under a certain decipline, preventing destruction of animal and plant specimens from permanent effects of these pollutants in air, water or soil; and determination, application and development of policies and programs in this direction.
10) Necessary Principles In the Collection and Disposal of Solid Wastes Originating From Hospitals and Similar Health Institutions Regulation: This regulation which is prepared with respect to:
- Articles 43, 44, 45, 46 and 57 of Turkish Republic Constitution
- Public Hygiene Law No: 1593
- Environment Law
is enacted on 15.3.1990 with the decision 52 of City council, in the limits of Ýzmir Metropolitan Municipality.
This purpose of this regulation is to dispose solid wastes originating from hospitals and similar health institutions without giving harm to the environment and public health and without causing aesthetic problems.
11) Notice About Hospital Wastes: It is enacted with the notice of Prime ministry undersecretariate on 13.9.1991 No AYD/2011-12268 and began to be applied in all the cities.
Since hospital wastes show permanent characters in air, water and soil which destroy ecological balance, they are classified in the hazardous wastes category, limitations related with their production, transportation, depositing and disposal are introduced in this notice till the preparation of regulation for these materials by Government Ministry.
12) Public Hygiene Law: This law which was enacted in 1930 provided various rules about protection of public health. Some subjects which take place in this law are explained separately. 11 th part of this law deals with health protection rules in cities and villages and here rules related with water, sewerage, solid waste, residents, hotels and similar public places are given.
13) Municipality Law: Depending to the 15 th Article of Municipality Law numbered 1550, the factors given below are given about the responsibilities of municipalities:
- Paragraph 1: Being responsible from the tidiness and order of places open to public
- Paragraph 23: Enduring neatness of public places like streets, public squares, seaports, bridges, fairs, and washing, watering and during winter cleaning mud, ice and snow.
- Paragraph 24: Collecting garbage from public and private places by technical vehicles.
- Paragraph B of Article 19: This is about rights, authorities and privileges of municipalities and states that management of the organization which collects garbage, bones and rags is the duty of municipality.
14) Law No: 3030: The purpose of this law is to arrange legal management situation of municipalities, in a way to provide a planned, efficient and appropriate service. This law includes principles and rules about the establishments, duties and authorities of Metropolitan and county municipalities and their relationships with other local authorities and central authorities.
15) Regulation Related with the Application of Law No: 3030: This regulation is arranged depending to the authority given by the 23 th Article of law about acception of written decree in the form of law sentence of management of metropolitan municipalities on 27.6.1984 No:3030.
This regulation arranges principles given below for metropolitan municipalities:
a) Their management, legal and actual states and administrative and local structures,
b) Duty, authority, right, privilege and exemptions,
c) Their relationships with county municipalities in their duty area in duty, authority, goods, and service aspects,
d) Their contact and relation with central administration and connected institutions.
Also it covers principles and rules that will provide a coordinated, balanced and efficient execution of services in the responsibility of metropolitan municipality.
16) Construction Law: This law is arranged to construct residential areas and other buildings in these areas appropriate to plan, technique, health and environmental conditions. All the buildings which will be constructed inside or outside the limits of the municipalities are dependent to this law.
17) Village Law: 13 th Article of this law includes the paragraphs given below about solid wastes:
Paragraph 7: Cleaning places around the houses and village roads, every resident sweeping the front of his house
Paragraph 8: Always keeping places around fountains, wells and springs clean and preventing leakage of these waters in order not to cause mud formation.
Paragraph 9: Disposing garbage and manure of the village at a far out place and showing every house a different spot at this site.
Paragraph 33: Disposing decayed and smelling fruits and other unhealthy materials out of the village and burying them.
18) National Parks Law: The purpose of this law is arranging principles in choosing, protecting and arranging national parks, natural parks, natural statues and nature protection sites which have national and international values.
19) Cultural and Natural Wealth Protection Law: With this law, protection of movable and unmovable cultural and natural properties, arrangement of operations and activities related with these properties, and duties and responsibilities of real and legal people about these properties are determined.
20) Law About Approval of Written Degree about Employment Place and Working Permits by Changing: The purpose of this law is giving employment place opening and working permits for industrial, agricultural and for any kind of employment places; simplification of procedures.
21) Ýzmir Metropolitan Municipality Unhealhful Establishments Regulation: This regulation is prepared depending to 19 th paragraph of the regulation about Metropolitan Municipalities Management published in official newspaper numbered 18603 on December 12 th 1984 depending to the Law no 3030.
This regulation aims to determine the principles in controlling and permitting unhealthful establishments in order to control public health, to provide optimal usage of urban and residential area lands and natural resources, to prevent water, air and soil pollution, and negative factors like noise, insect fight, and to protect natural resources from pollution.
Unhealthful establishments term represents establishments which gives or may give physical, chemical, microbiological, moral and social harms and which may cause pollution of natural resources.
21) Ýzmir Metropolitan Municipality Police Regulation: This is enacted by the decision no: 10-139/6 of Municipality Council on 15.3.1976.
This regulation is prepared to protect public health and comfort and to accomplish the duties given to the municipalities by Municipality Law No:1580 and with other laws.
SOLID WASTES PROBLEM
Ýncreasing population and developing technology are caused different type and amount of solid wastes. Solid waste problem is one of the major environmental problems. There are approximately 2,000 solid waste dumping area in Turkey, which are potential hazard for human health and not meet with the standards.
Municipal solid wastes (Urban Solid Wastes)
Ýn the area of coastal distrikts, the daily production of MSW is lower than 1 kg per capita with an high organic putrescible content. But USW (urban solid wastes ) generation per capita per day is close 1.0 kg. An analysis of MSW related to the tourist area gives: organic 55- 65 %, paper/board 9-12 %, glass 2-3 %, plastics 3- 4 %, metals 1- 2 %. The collection of MSW in the center of cities is carried out every day using steel barrels placed on the curbs in front of the buildings; in the poorer quarters other various steel container are used in general recovered from postconsumer wastes.
The tables 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 show different parameter values of solid wastes from Ýzmir.
Table 2 . Typical composition of MW in Izmir as (Erdin,1980) .
-===========================================================================¬
¦ Component 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ¦
¦===========================================================================¦
¦ Food 25.1 34.8 27.6 27.4 47.6 27.2 33.6 50.5 32.7 51.6 17.9 49.9 ¦
¦ Paper, cartoon 3.2 6.7 10.8 7.1 7.1 3.9 14.6 12.3 3.5 9.7 9.2 17.6 ¦
¦ Plastic 0.3 2.0 1.3 3.8 4.8 0.8 2.2 2.1 1.1 1.9 1.1 3.6 ¦
¦ Rock, ceramic 6.8 1.8 0.8 2.6 1.5 8.6 1.6 1.5 0.8 0.1 4.7 0.7 ¦
¦ Glass 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.5 2.6 1.4 1.3 2.3 1.3 1.4 1.0 2.0 ¦
¦ Ferrous metal 0.01 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.2 0.8 0.01 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.4 ¦
¦ Nonferrous met.- 0.04 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.01 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.05 0.1 0.04¦
¦ Bone - 0.0 1.6 0.4 0.2 0.03 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.4 ¦
¦ Wood, leather - 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.9 0.15 0.9 0.0 0.2 0.05 0.1 0.09¦
¦ Textile 0.5 1.7 1.1 2.4 1.5 0.6 0.7 1.4 2.3 1.2 2.2 1.4 ¦
¦ Fine wastes 35.9 21.7 12.2 27.6 6.4 29.6 9.8 4.3 16.8 7.4 29.0 1.5 ¦
¦ Rest < 40 mm 27.3 29.2 42.2 26.2 27.2 27.0 33.4 25.0 41.1 26.6 33.5 22.4 ¦
¦===========================================================================¦
¦ 1 : Kadifekale (P) 5 : Kartýyaka (R) 9 : Karabaðlar (P) ¦
¦ 2 : Alsancak (G) 6 : Ýemikler (P) 10 : Kartýyaka (G) ¦
¦ 3 : Alsancak (R) 7 : Hatay (M) 11 : Bornova (M) ¦
¦ 4 : Kahramanlar(M) 8 : Hatay (M) 12 : Hatay (R) ¦
¦ Economic level of the population P : poor M : middle G : good R : rich ¦
L===========================================================================-
Table 3. The composition of solid wastes from the city Ýzmir in weight % at 14th February 1992 ( No rain.)
¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦
Compositions (1) (2) (3) (4)
¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦
Food wastes 50 25 65 0 0
Garden and green w. - - - --
Paper and cardboard 12 5 3 --
Metals 1,5 1 - 6
Glass 0,5 0,5 10 --
Plastics 3 1,5 5 1
Bone 0,1 - 0,1 --
Rubber - - - 10
Leather - - - -
Textile - - - -
Wood - - - -
Rock, stone,etc. - - - 70
Dust - - - -
Ash - 40 - -
Ceramic - - - -
Others 32,9 27 16,9 13
¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦
Moisture content : 40-45 % 25 % 55 % 25% ¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦
(1) : rich / middle rich settlement region;
(2) : middle/poor settlement region;
(3) : hospital wastes
(4) : harbour wastes MW=Municipal waste
Table 4 : Water content of the solid wastes and chemical compound
Min. as % Max. as % Avar. as %
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Water 46 55 50
Organic matter 39 48 44
Inorganic matter 6 6 6
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- By the min. Water Content is the composition:
WaC 46 % + IOM 6 % + OM 48 % = 100 % Total
- By the max. Water Content is the composition :
WaC 55 % + IOM 6 % + OM 39 % = 100 % Total
- By the avar. Water Content is the composition :
WaC 50 % + IOM 6 % + OM 44 % = 100 % Total
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Amount of per capýta generated compostable solid wastes :
- Food wastes 0.434 kg/d. capita
- Garden, green wastes 0.084 kg/d. capita
- Paper, cardboard 0.063 kg/d. capita
Total amount 0.581 kg/d. capita
Amount of per capýta generated recycable solid wastes :
- Paper, cardboard 0.063 kg/d. capita
- Glass 0.007 kg/d. capita
- Metals 0.007 kg/d. capita
- Plastics 0.028 kg/d. capita
Total amount 0.105 kg/d. capita
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Amount of per capýta generated dumping solid wastes :
- Not recycable, not copostable material 0.077 kg/d. capita
The average composition of municipal solid wastes are rich on food and poor on paper and plastics compared to composition of EC countries solid wastes .
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Moisture content is apr. 40 - 50 % and density of SW is 0.30 - 0.35 tons/m3 , a calorific value 6000 - 8000 kJoule/kg SW. The generated average value of solid wastes per capita is about 0.7 kg/day for the and , for the cities about 1.0 kg/day.capita .
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Calculation of population projections are made by the taking three sectors : in cities of coastal regions, hilly and mountainouse area.
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SW dansity at Landfill (=d) is 0.800 kg/m3
V = Landfillvolume = p.e.c.k/d ; p = size of population, e=the ratio between cover aerth and solid wastes = 1/4, and so e= 1,25 , k= days of year = 365, c = kg SW/day.capita
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Table 5. Energy parameters of solid wastes in Izmir (Erdin,1980).
-===============================================================================================¬
¦ Samples Water Ashes Organic Inert Carbon Burn Lower Upper Explanations¦
¦ content content loss calorific calorific ¦
¦ at 875° C value value ¦
¦ (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (kcal/kg) (kcal/kg) ¦
¦===============================================================================================¦
¦ Bazaar 75.2 9.2 15.6 0.0 3.0 12.6 120 3,645 winter waste¦
¦ Ýemikler 37.3 39.7 23.0 8.8 7.7 15.3 855 4,690 " ¦
¦ Rubbish 25.0 54.3 0.0 54.3 13.2 7.3 220 1,805 " ¦
¦ Tobacco 9.4 23.7 66.9 2.4 12.7 54.2 2,810 4,285 " ¦
¦ Wool 6.4 13.2 80.4 0.4 11.7 68.7 3,340 4,200 " ¦
¦ Tob. dust 7.1 25.9 67.0 0.0 12.5 54.5 2,830 4,285 " ¦
¦ Fine comp. 32.8 43.2 24.0 0.0 12.1 11.9 810 4,190 " ¦
¦ Coarse comp13.3 52.8 33.9 8.6 12.7 21.2 1,585 4,905 " ¦
¦ Fine waste 39.9 34.9 25.2 2.5 7.9 17.3 905 4,530 " ¦
¦ Compost 40.6 38.5 20.9 0.0 8.8 12.1 - - " ¦
¦ Poor reg. 43.9 36.9 19.2 4.7 4.8 14.4 505 3,995 summer waste¦
¦ Rich reg. 52.6 19.3 28.1 6.1 7.0 21.1 955 4,520 " ¦
¦ Good reg. 30.9 44.5 24.6 7.7 7.1 17.5 905 4,430 " ¦
¦ Mid. reg. 53.6 25.0 21.4 2.6 5.3 16.1 625 4,430 " ¦
¦ Shops 37.6 23.1 39.3 6.0 9.2 30.1 1,570 4,570 " ¦
¦ Rubbish 25.0 54.3 20.5 54.3 13.2 7.3 220 1,805 " ¦
L===============================================================================================-
Table 6. Calorific values of SW in Izmir (Erdin,1987 and 1988).
-===============================================================¬
¦ Region Social Ratio Calorific Amount Ratio ¦
¦ structure value ¦
¦ (%) (kcal/kg) (ton/day) (%) ¦
¦===============================================================¦
¦ Alsancak 150 13.4 ¦
¦ 1.Kordon Rich 70 1,070 ¦
¦ 2.Kordon " 30 930 ¦
¦ Basmane Poor 100 900 125 11.2 ¦
¦ Kadifekale Middle 100 490 230 20.5 ¦
¦ Hatay 140 12.5 ¦
¦ at night Middle 20 790 ¦
¦ Karatat " 60 715 ¦
¦ at day " 20 745 ¦
¦ Konak 50 4.5 ¦
¦ Centrum - 5 120 ¦
¦ Bazaar - 10 140 ¦
¦ Yenitehir Middle 100 1,035 65 5.8 ¦
¦ Kartýyaka 290 25.9 ¦
¦ Bostanlý Rich 20 1,260 ¦
¦ Bayraklý Middle 27 935 ¦
¦ Temikler Poor 16 855 ¦
¦ Naldöken Middle 27 695 ¦
¦===============================================================¦
¦ Total 990 93.8 ¦
L===============================================================-
Table 7. Effects of fine wastes on the calorific value as kcal/kg (Erdin,1988).
-===============================================================¬
¦ Region Calorific Calorific Calorific Calorific Calorific ¦
¦ value value value value value ¦
¦ of wet of fine of wet of dry of fine ¦
¦ wastes and wet wa. wastes wastes and wet wa¦
¦ (inc.ashes) (no ashes) (no ashes) (no ashes)¦
¦===============================================================¦
¦ Kadifekale 490 485 490 3,280 3,535 ¦
¦ Alsancak 1,070 1,020 1,085 4,845 4,885 ¦
¦ Alsancak 930 550 985 4,495 3,420 ¦
¦ Yenitehir 1,035 500 1,245 4,440 3,465 ¦
¦ Kartýyaka 1,260 765 1,295 4,575 3,720 ¦
¦ Temikler 855 715 910 4,690 4,315 ¦
¦ Hatay ¦
¦ at night 790 1,025 765 4,450 4,810 ¦
¦ at day 745 680 745 4,480 4,005 ¦
L===============================================================-
An inspection of the bin content showed the presence of a large amount of organic garbage, some plastic bags and very few cans and plastic bottles, in general these beverage containers are not seen on the ground into the city, only in few cases these products has been seen dispersed on the ground.
It has been referred by some of people met that many recyclable products are recovered before the daily collection directly from the bins on the curbs by abusive organization of collectors. Because of the lack of time no verification has been done, we think that it is very important to contact these collectors in order to define the kind of products recovered, the amount, the prices and the final buyers.
In this landfill some people lives recovering from MSW glass, plastic bottles, cans and other products.
The main idea of the contemporary solid waste management is to reduce the amount of wastes. The best way is to solve the solid waste problem before they occur. For instance, using the recyclable packing material instead of use and waste materials will reduce the amount and the magnitude of environmental pollution. The second main idea is to produce as compost and landfillgas from biode-gredable material.
The Regulation for Management of Solid Wastes Nr. 20814 dated 14th
March 1991 organizes legal basis and aspects of collection, transport, handling, and disposal of garbage and solid wastes in Turkey.
In the 1st and the 2nd paragraphs of "Regulation of Control of Solid Wastes" , following explanations have been stated:
- All types of solid wastes must not be randomly dumped into receiving media, which could cause human and environmental health problems. They must not be storaged, transported and disposed without any precautions.
- Environmental management procedures must be applied for consumptional materials, too.
- Pollutants which exhibit permanent effect in biosphere, must be treated with respect to protect the biotop, natural sources and ecological balance. For this reason, principles, policies and programs must be developed, applied and evaluated.
- Solid wastes and sludges which are originated from houses, green areas, industries, treatment plants, excavation areas, must be properly disposed after recycling and reused.
- Harmful, hazardous, flammable, explosive, toxic, pathogenic and infectious wastes must be handled, seperately.
Packaging Regulation and Targets of the Regulation
- Excessive quantities of packagýng material will be prevented and the quantity will be minimised by the way of reutilisation.
- Producers and traders will be have the responsibility of packaging wastes materials.
- Municipalities will be relieved of the burden of collecting and disposing of garbage.
- Absolute priiority shall be given for reutilisation without any burning.
- Producers and suppliers producing and selling the products will be obliged to take care of packaging wastes problems .
- Continuous encouragement will be rendered for production of multipurpose reuseable, reutilisiable packaging wastes.
The details of the applications contained in the said law are in the following :
- Seperate collection : houaehold and particularly industrial wastes will be collected in seperate containers manually or with tolls according to their types.
- Secondary sorting : this operation will be made at places wher garbage is despatched for disposal or recycling.
- Compost producion : compost is prepared only from household garbage or by blending garbage with wastewater treatment sludge .
- Filling works : garbage is used to dry out swaps and land filling.
- Burning : incinaration of wastes in special facilities with utilisation of thermal values of garbage.
The solid wastes treatment technique in current use are:
- Sanitary landfill (conventional, with compaction, with prior crushing )
The equipment and material requýrement for completly sanitary landfill are:
. Water protection measures system
. The choice of site
. Access and service roads
. Fences
. Mobile screen
. Notice boards
. Lighting, wheel cleaning
. Employees buildings
. Service and storage facilities,
. Weighbridge and site office
. Crawler dozer - compactor - Scraper - Hydraulic excavator
. Crusher unit
. etc.
PACKAGING MATERIALS AND 3R
3R ( Reuse, Recycling, Recovery )
Selective collection reduces :
- The collection costs , the sale of recovered materials
- Treatment costs, since there is less solid wastes to be disposed of
Selective collection saves :
- The raw materials
- The energy sources
- The ecosystems
The materials which are to be recovered , should be separated by the householders and collected in differnt receptacles by the collection services .
- Composting (in the open air - slow composting-, in special enclosures - accelerated composting )
The main composting process
. The window system
. The tower system
. The drum system
The equipment and materials requýrement for composting plant are: . Services roads
. Fermentation area
. Storage areas
. Landscaped areas
. Repair shops
. Total surface area of plant
. Weightbridge
. Reception trenches
. Conveyet belts
. Crushers
. Screening equýpment
. Trucks
. Wheeled loader
. Hydraulic excavator
- Ýncineration ( without energy recovery, with energy recovery )
In USA HDPE wastes are recycled and made bottles for non-food containers by the adding 25 % of them into primary material.
The Dunkerque Case in France collected house by house and subsequent centralised sorting the quantity of solid wastes requýring disposal has been reduced by 20 %. Each family , or more exactly each single or double family dwelling was given a 120 litre bin. Recoverable materials consissts of : 44 % glass, 28 % paper cardboard, 9 % plastics, 19 % metals.
- The rapid growth in collection facilities can be caused , that a parallel development in recovery activities with the setting up of recycling plants.
- The most widespread sorting technique used today is that of manual sorting , for the moment it does not seem as through it can be replaced completely by automatic systems because the flow to be selected cans also bottles which can create difficulties to the quality of the finished product.
- There are sorting systems known which are based on dimensional recognition , optical properties spectroscopie properties and so on some of which are already in use , others in the experimental phase (Fig. ).
Germany : In prýnciple distributors will be made responsible for the reuse and recycling of secondary and primary packaging outside the public waste disposal system. Manufacturers and distributors will be taking part in DSD (Dual System Deutschlands) . Collection and sortýng costs will be financed through use of an on-pack "Green Spot"symbol . Participating companies will pay DM 0.02 per pack to use it. The Dual System started operatýon in July in Berlin and Potsdam , will be cover by end 1991 , 10 million households and by end 1992 50 million .
Targets of the packaging regulation of Germany are :
- excessive quantities of packaging material will be prevented and the quantity will be minimised through recycling
- producers and traders will bear the responsibility of used packages from now on
- municipalities will be relieved of the burden of collecting and disposing of garbage
- continuous encouragement will be rendered for production of multiway , reusable, recyclable containers.
- absolute priority shall be given to reuse of wastes materials than incineration systems
- producers/suppliers producing and selling the products will be obliged to take care of solid wastes problem of own products at the very early stage of production or market research.
Ýtaly : Separate collection of glass, plastics, and cans containers for liquids required from January 1990. Operating costs to be divided between participants according to their market share. 50 % recycling target to be achieved by end 1992.
Sweden : 1990 Swedish Waste Bill will make producers responsible for all waste originating from their commercial activities, inculding the cost of disposal and developing new,clean and re- source efficient products.
From 1994 all domestic solid waste must be sorted at source: landfilling and incineration must be essentially case.
Turkey : Arrangement pertaining to garbage and solid waste in Turkey are gathered under primarily the " Environment Act Nr. 2872 effected in 11.08.198, which included certain provisions pertaining to the environment. Article 8 of the said law reads : " It is forbidden to deliver to receiving media either directly or indirectly or store , transport dispose of or deal in similar ways with all kinds of wastes and garbage in a manner contradicting with standards and methods specified in relevant regulations. At 14.03.1991 , "The regulation and control of solid wastes management" was put into force. Said regulation reads :
Organizes legal aspects of collection , transport and disposal garbage and solid wastes in Turkey. Article 9 this regulation stipulates that the plastic and metal container solid wastes must be minimised. The rate of recovery of collected containers shall not be less than values given in Table 8.
Table 8 : Ratios to be achieved in years for collection of PET, PVC and metal containers
------------------------------------------------------------
Years Metal and Aluminum (%) PET, PVC (%)
------------------------------------------------------------ 1992 15 25
1993 20 35
1994 30 45
1995 45 65
1996 60 70
---------------------------------------------------------------
The deposit fee applicable shall not be less than the costs given in Table 6.
Table 9 : Deposit fee according to the type of containers
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Container volume (ml) Metal ($) PET,PVC ($)
---------------------------------------------------------------
< 200 0.07 0.08
200 - 1000 0.18 0.20
> 1000 0.28 0.30
----------------------------------------------------------------
Wastes produced after use of materials marketed in containers made of plastic , paper, cardboard, glass or the combinations of such materials must be minimum to the extent possible and wastes must absolutely be recycled. The rate of recycling must be as high as possible. To achieve these high rates will be the responsibility of producers, fillers, users, distributers and consumers.
Çevkovakfý "Environmental Protection Foundation " estabished through the effecting from " The regulation for management of solid wastes" on 01.11.1991, their aims are collection and recycling of container wastes like PET bottles, metal and alu cans, etc.
By the succesful separate collection is the motivated people, one of them very importat poits . As the result of a good organized public relations activity , we can increase the contribution of people for the separate collection of solid wastes.After a well organized collecting of PET bottles , they can use after treatment as textile fibre filler. It should be built this network and infrastructure.
The three targents given in the following may be selected as objectives particularly for recycling of containers :
- reuse of packaging as containers
- recycling of materials (produktion of secondary raw materials)
- utilization of chemical or thermal contents of wastes (pyrolysis, incineration ).
Cardboard liquid boxes have a thermal value of 25.000 kJoule/kg.
PE containers have a considerable high thermal values 42.000 kJoule/kg .
- Solid wastes disposal act
- Resource recovery act
- Marketing problem associated with composting
- Legal and political difficulties in solid wastes disposal
Project must be started for collection and recycling of cans and plastic bottles in the areas of the coastel site in Turkey.
Ýt should be organizing in Turkey an experimental collection of plastic , glass bottles , papers and metals, beverage containers.
This project should be prepared by Department of Environmental from the Mýnýntry of Environment in Turkey.
Being the experience of separate collection in Turkey at the beginning, has been requested to collaborate on the base of its experience on this field. I, as consultancy has been carried out in Turkey in the period 1991-1992 with meetings and visits related to solid waste, its collection, transportatýon and disposal, separate collection of glass bottles, production and consumption of beverages and liquid container wastes.
Table 10 : Solýd Waste Management in USA (Franklin Ass.,1988)
Method 1970 1986 2000
----------------------------------------------------------
Recycling 6.6 % 10.7 % 12.4 %
Energy Recovery 0.3 % 6.0 % 16.6 %
Landfill 93.1 % 83.3 % 71.0 %
------------------------------------------------------------
This legislation requires deposits, usully of 5 cents, on beer and soft drink cans
In fact, deposit laws address only asmall portýon of solid waste and litter problems. Soft drýnk packaging accounts for less than 2 percent of solid waste in USA.
Table 11 : Estaemated numbers of required containaers and tucks
---------------------------------------------------------------
Cities
A B C D
----------------------------------------------------------------
Popula. 1996 364800 97500 49900 36100
----------------------------------------------------------------
Occured con- m3/day m3/day m3/dy m3/day
tainer volume 1094.4 292.5 149.7 108.3
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Number of a) 330 88 30 21
containers b) 657 176 45 27
c) 1500 400 340 220
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Required container volume per capita .day = 3.0 litre
a.) 1000 litre , b.) 500 litre , c.) 220 litre
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Occured trucks m3/day m3/day m3/dy m3/day
volume 730 195 99.8 72.7
----------------------------------------------------------------
Number of a.) 9 5 4 2
trucks b.) 14 3 1 1
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Required trucks volume per capita .day = 2.0 litre
a.) Truck with 4 m3 , b.) Truch with 10 m3
----------------------------------------------------------------
Table 12: Estaemated numbers of required containaers and tucks
---------------------------------------------------------------
E F G H K
----------------------------------------------------------------
Popula. 1996 7300 9700 16900 8900 3800
----------------------------------------------------------------
Occured con- m3/day m3/day m3/day m3/day m3/day
tainer volume 21.9 29.1 50.7 26.7 11.4
--------------------------------------------------- ------------
Number of a) 5 5 10 5 --
containers b) 10 15 30 15 10
c) 50 70 95 52 24
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Required container volume per capita .day = 3.0 litre
a.) 1000 litre , b.) 500 litre , c.) 220 litre
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Occured trucks m3/day m3/day m3/dy m3/day m3/day
volume 14.6 19.4 33.8 17.8 7.6
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of a.) 1 1 2 1 1
trucks b.) -- -- -- -- ---
--- ----------------------------------------------------------------
Required trucks volume per capita .day = 2.0 litre
a.) Truck with 4 m3 , b.) Truch with 10 m3
----------------------------------------------------------------
WASTES COLLECTION SYSTEM FOR 3 R
CURBSIDE COLLECTION SYSTEM
Collection may be realized by pacing at curbs one or more containers for recyclable materials.
BUY-BACK SYSTEM
This program is directly aimed to consumers. By establishing more than 25 in Turkey for collecting particularly non-alcoholýc beverarages and liquid containers .
DROP-OFF SYSTEM
This system is organize particularly withthe efforts of volunteers.
CARRY-AWAY SYSTEM
This a modification of separate collection . Her, the principle is to take waste plastics to central accumulation areas or to waste plastic processing plants.
RECEIVING SYSTEM
Whether this system is based on integrated , partially integrated or additive system or single type waste or multýtype waste storage system.
Bank System: This system was tested for glass bottles collection in Turkey.
STORAGE CONTAINER SYSTEM
Separate collection may be started with three containers system :
- Container for valuable materials (dry wastes)
- Container for biological materials (biowastes)
- Container for other garbage
MUNICIPALITY SYSTEM
Munýcipalities collect mixed garbage reguarly. Collection will be effected by utilizing existing capacities of municipalities (vehicles, equipments, personnels).
Garbage Contactors: The fact that some poeple collect valuable wastes from curside containers and sell the same to garbage contractors will be evaluated.
PROMOTIONAL COLLECTION SYSTEM
Specially designed collection containers will be distributed to houses and summer residences (touristics area).
RECYCLING PROCESS: COLLECTING, CLASSIFICATION AND END USING
The three targents given in the following may be selected as objectives particularly for reutilisation of liquid containers wastes (3R):
1th - Reuse
2th - Recycling
3th - Recovery
Recovery of Solid Wastes
It is clear that natural sources are limited. For this reason, they must be carefully used. To save the sources and to increase the life standard, developed countries found out some methods for recycling and recovering activities against the energy crisis. For recycling and recovering of solid wastes some regulations have been become effective by the European Community.
Developing countries which have some financial problems, must save their natural sources for optimum use of them. Hence, they can use them for a long period without any environmental problems.
Recovering, recycling and reuse of materials such as iron, steel, copper, lead, paper, plastic, hard rubber, glass, would prevent the loose of natural sources. Also, these procedures would save foreign exchange which is used for importation of raw materials, and energy which is used for production of consumption matters. Amount of solid wastes which is occured by human activities, would decrease and therefore the environmental problems. Decreasing amount and volume of solid wastes is an important procedure for some countries which have limited land which is used for sanitary landfill.
According to studies (Lyons and Tankin, 1975), energy which is used for recovering of metals is less than that of mining of iron and aluminium. For instance, energy which is required to produce 1 ton aluminium using recovered metals is equal to 4% of energy which is used for producing aluminium from raw ore.
In the planning stage of recovering of solid wastes, following criteria must be considered (Baum and Parker, 1974):
- cost of recovery activities,
- nature of recovered material, whether it is clear and not,
- economical value of material to be recovered.
Also, these factors are disadvantages of recovery.
Collecting and recovering of solid wastes is economically important procedure. The advantage of this procedure is not only to create supplement for economy but also to save more filling area because of decreasing volume of solid wastes.
- For goals related to recycling , reuse, and recovery :
(Separation , sorting and selection )
The emergence of the Green Movement has been one of the most cheering social developments of the last twenty years :
- carry out collective projects that develop communýty spirit
- Demonstrate ,constructive alternatives to careless disposal practices of wastes,
- Raise money to finance for investment of plants
- Rých variety of recycling activities can be practised by voluntary organisations in all parts of coastal regions.
- Recycling to create employment
- Transportation costs are always the drawback to national recycling schemes
- The market for recycled materials , in economies such as the Turkey, wich suffer from balance of payments problems and heavy atractive.
- Alternative management strategies with significant economic and environmental benefits
- Specifically, opportunities for source reduction, by-product recovery, recycle and reuse
- Reuse, recycle and recovery of the munýcipality wastes
- Management of urban solýd and liquid pollutants by the biological or chemical processing
- Resource recovery
. direct recycle for primary use
. use by a second industry as a raw material
. energy recovery
. utilization in pollution control systems
- Recycling by Source
Recycling of Glass
Used glass, bottles and glass-made materials will be also seperately collected. For this procedure and for preventing of environmental pollution, a contract was signed between the Municipality of Metropolitan Izmir and Turkish Bottle and Glass Fabrics Co. in June 1988. Also, a campaign was prepared for seperate collecting. Containers which were used for collecting glass and glass-made materials, were left at 50 different places of the city. They had two different colors; the whites belong to the non-colored and the greens belong to the colored glasses.
Amount of the collected materials for three years, from 1989 to 1991, was 307 tons. Hospitals started to support this campaign in 1990 and the municipality has left the containers in the hospital areas. It has been accepted that good results had been taken.
COST
- For the cost covered solid wastes management we have to think deepth and built ouer management structure like following issues:
- Classifikation of wastes
- Organzation of collection
. Through municipal company
. Through private company
. Through private and municipal company
. Combinated private/municipal company
. Pick-up system during the day or by the night
. 120, 240, 500, 1100 litre or greater containers.
- Selective collection
. Selective collection practices has been a widespread development in the developped countries specially for the bioorganic materials, for recycable materials and for those consdered hazardous .
. Selective collection of hazardous urban refuse has reached a very important proportion at the last time .
- Disposal charges
. Disposal charges are usually calculated in the basis of the volume of containers ( bins, or sacks ) and in the collection frequency.
- Disposal costs
. Disposal costs are the sums of collection, transportation and treatment operations ; and treatment costs for incinerations or to discharging in sanitary landfill, etc.
- The pick-up of recovered materials from storage and compressing/baling warehouse to which municipality will be taking
- Organise and manage on a regional or multi-regional level the selection and recycling stations for plastics
. cleaning of containers of all traces
. treat the washing waters
. operate the plastics sorting
. produce the respective regenerated products
- The difficulty of municipalities in finding markets for recycled material.
SALE OF MATERIALS
VOLUNTEERS
REFERENCES
Tabasaran, O., Affoyou, L. etc. (1979): Müll und Abfall . H. 11, S.132
Stegmann, R. and Dernbach, H. (1982) : Müll und Abfall Beiheft. H. 19 , S. 39
Spillmann, P. and Collins H.J. (1982) : Müll und Abfall. H14, S.1
Farquhar, G.J., and Rovers, F. A. (1973) : Water Air Soil Pollution. H. 2, S. 483.
The Council for Solýd Waste Solutions (1989) : Municipal Solid Waste. What's In It ? How Is It Managed ?
Franklin Associates Ltd. (1988) :Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste In the United States. 1960 to 2000.
David Perchard Associates (1991) : Packaging Legislation ýn Europe. 26 July.
NSDA (National Soft Drink Association) ,(1990) :Mandatory Deposit Legislation. 8 p.
Loehr, C. R. , et al. (1979) : Land Application of Wastes Volume l and Volume ll . Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York
Hagerty, D.J. , et al. (1973) : Solid Waste Management. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York
Pavoni, J. L. , et al. (1973) : Handbook of Solid Waste Disposal: Materials and Energy Recovery. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York
Obrist, W. (1987) : Material Balance of The Composting Process. Swiss Research. Pages 32-33 . Zürich
MAP/PAP/RAC (1990) :Preliminery Study of The Integrated Plan For The Syrian Coastal Region . UNEP. Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of State for Environment .
FEÝR (1985) : Spadra Landfill and Resource Conservation Project State Cleaninghouse Number 84053011, California 90601 USA
Erdin,E.,E.Kasýrga (1986)" Procurement of solid fuel from agricultural and foresterial wastes" Materials and energy from refuse MER.3 Proceedings. 3 th international symposium. 18.20 march 1986.
Erdin.E. A. Ýyilikçi (1985)" Organik kökenli artýklarýn pellet-lenmesi ve sobada yakýlmasý"I. Ulusal Üniversite Sanayi Ýtbirliði Sempozyumu 14-16 Kasým 1985 Kayseri
Erdin,E.,(1985)" Katý artýklarýn pelletlenerek yakýlmasý ve etkileri" Çöleten dünya ve Türkiye örneði sempozyumu Erzurum,
Erdin, E.(1987)" Die thermische Verwertung der Abfälle in der Türkei". Konferencja Naukowo-Technýczna "Termýczna Utylýzacja Odpadow Procesy,Maszyny I Urzadzenia , Kozubnik 21-23 maja 1987.
Thome -Kozmiensky,K.J. (1983) :"Kompostierung und Brennstoffge-winnung". E.Freitag Verlag für Umwelttechnik,Band 6.
Zoral,K. (1974) : "Doðu Karadeniz Bölgesinde Yakacak Olarak Kullanýlabilecek Tarýmsal/Sanayi Yan Ürünlerinin Potansiyeli ". Atatürk Üniversitesi Erzurum.Teknik Raporu .
Blume , H. (1990) : "Sammlung, Umschlag und Transport von
Hausmüll" Entsorgungspraxis, Nr. 3. pg.9-14.
Boeshen, U. ; et al (1991) :" Stellenwert von Plaenen und Rolle
der UVP für eine umweltvertraegliche Abfallentsorgung" UVP- Report
Nr. 2 , pg.55- 58. Dortmund.
Borat, M. 1990 : "Çevre Mevzuatýna Girit, Katý Atýklar konusundaki
Mevzuat" Katý Atýk Kirlenmesi Arattýrma ve Denetimi Türk Milli
Komitesi, (KAKAD), Ýstanbul.
Boðaziçi Üniversitesi "Ýzmir Büyüktehir Belediyesi Çöp Toplama,
Deðerlendirme ve Uzaklattýrma raporu, 1991, Ýstanbul
Erdin, E. (1992) :"Solid Wastes Management and Disposal in Coastal
Area of Syrian Arab Republic" Mediterranean Action Plan-United
Nations Environment Programme (PAP/RAC), Split.
Erdin, E. (1992) :" Arýtma Çamurunun Deponiye (Çöplüðe) Ýntaa
Edilmesi" , Ýntaat Dünyasý Dergisi, Ýubat/Mart Sayýsý, Ýstanbul
Erdin, E. (1992) : Çöp ve Katý Atýklar Ders ve Proje Notlarý.DEÜ,
Mühendislik Mimarlýk Fakültesi. ÝZMÝR.
Erdin, E.;Toprak , H. (1991) :"Kartýyaka Belediyesi Çöp ve Katý
Artýklar Toplama , tatýma ve Bertaraf Sistemi".1. Uluslararasý
Çevre Koruma Sempozyumu Bildirileri,666-693, Atatürk Kültür
Merkezi, Ýzmir.
Jaenisch, M. (1989): Finanziele zusammenarbeit und Umweltvertraeg- lichkeitsprüfung" TU Berlin Ýnternational. BerlinNr.67
Çevmer,DEÜ (1991) : "Collection and Recycling of Plastic and Metal Containers" Preliminary Feasibility Report prepared for Çevkovakfý, Ýzmir.
Questionnaire 1 :
The questionnaire for the occuring of solid wastes management and disposal design parameters :
A For the planning of solid wastes collection and transportation
The Name of Municipality :
Date :
1. Truck types , size and properties
Truck trade Capacity Dimension Amound of Collec. Total tons/each m3 trucks freq. SW (ton)
-----------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------
2. Source and amound of solid wastes collected per day
3. Vehicle in use of SW collection
a.) Private ( How many % of them )
b.) Public ( How many % of them )
c.) Combination ( How many % of them )
4. Solid wastes amound per capita per day
as kg and as litre
5. Solid wastes container types and amound for the collection ; pick-up frequency
( twice weekly pick-up , weekly pick-up , etc. )
6. Composition of the solid wastes
( Physical characteristics of MSW )
Table : The composition of solid wastes from the cities Tartous and Latakýa (I=19 and II= 20 May 1991) in weight %
----------------------------------------------------------------
Compositions Tartous Tart. Bazar Latakia
-----------------------------------------------------------------
I II II I II
Food wastes 58 68 45 60 64
Garden and green W. 14 12 10 10 8
Paper and cardboard 9 10 25 9 13
Metals 1 1 2 1.5 2
Glass 1 1 2 1 2
Plastics 3 5 6 4 7
Rubber 1 0.1 -- 1 1.5
Leather 1 0.1 -- 0.5 0.5
Textile 1 0.1 -- 0.5 0.5
Wood 1 0.1 2 0.5 0.5
Rock, stone,etc. 7 2 -- 2 1
Dust -- -- 3 -- --
Ash -- -- 1 -- --
Ceramic -- -- -- -- --
Others 3 0.6 4 10 --
--------------------------------------------------------------
Moisture content of solid wastes is 40 - 45 %, No rain.
---------------------------------------------------------------
Approach calculation to water content, organic materials and inorganic materials compound for whole the regions are :
Table : Water content of the solid wastes from Latakia and Tartous Mohafaza
Chemical compound Min. as % Max. as % Avar. as %
----------------------------------------------------------------- Water 46 55 50
Organic matter 39 48 44
Inorganic matter 6 6 6
----------------------------------------------------------------- - By the min. Water Content is the composition:
WaC 46 % + IOM 6 % + OM 48 % = 100 % Total
- By the max. Water Content is the composition :
WaC 55 % + IOM 6 % + OM 39 % = 100 % Total
- By the avar. Water Content is the composition :
WaC 50 % + IOM 6 % + OM 44 % = 100 % Total
(Chemical characteristies)
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Measure Min. Max. Aveage
----------------------------------------------------------------
Wet basis
Moisture in %
Carbon in %
Nitrogen in %
Btu/kg (Ho=kcal/kg)
-----------------------------------------------------------------Dry basis
Ash in %
Carbon in %
Nitrogen in %
Btu/kg (Ho=kcal/kg)
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Heavy metals contents : Cd, Pb, Co, Hg, Ni, Cr, etc.
-----------------------------------------------------------------7. Collection systems ; equipments ; and number of employees
8. Financing and economics of collection (economic analysis of joined and separated collection systems )
9. Decision for handling and treatment systems ( Sanitary landfill, composting, incineration , etc. )
10. For Sanitary Landfill:
Calculation and planning of the sanitary landfill area as a.) not compacted area
b.) compacted area
11. For Composting Plant
12. For Ýncineration Plant
13. Earthcover of completed sanitary landfill and revegetation
14. Calculation of methan production
(the impact on the vegetation and the efficiency of recovery as energy)
15 Amound of another solid wastes like following :
a. Hazardous wastes ( hospital wastes, slaughter house w. )
b. Ýndustrial wastes
c. Agricultural wastes
d. Forestry wastes
e. Commercial wastes
and theirs quantities
16. Treatment according to recovery of materials , compostings, incineratins ( with and without energy recovery)
17. Significant existing projects for solid wastes processing and disposal into the future
18. Land application of rotted solid wastes materials and their amounds
. as soil conditionnaire
. for the plants:
- Olives .... tons/ha
- Oranges .... tons/ha
- Legumes .... tons/ha
- etc. .... tons/ha
Annex 1 :
1. Solid wastes disposal act in Syria
2. Resource recovery act in Syria
3. Syrian environmental laws and regulations related to the solid waste management:
a.) For municipal solid wastes
b.) For industrial solid wastes
c.) For hazardous solid wastes
d.) For commercial solid wastes
4. Local laws, local regulations for solid wastes
5. General environmental laws
6. Air quality laws
7. Water quality laws
8. Noise pollution and abatement laws or act
Annex 2 :
1. Size of population ( growthrate , trend rate , moderate )
2. Rainfall ( annually, monthly ) as mm or m
(Distrubition of rainfall during the years)
3. Roads all kinds (Highways, railways, etc.)
4. Characteristics of the sanitary landfill or dumping area
5. Land use type
a.) agricultural
b.) forestrial
c.) recreational
d.) industrial
e.) SPA
f.) etc.
6. Groundwater table ( level) in coastal area related to the old and new solid wastes dumping area.
Questionnaire 2 :
Hazardous waste originated from household can be fixed through the public relation working with a questionnaire as following:
1. Where the wastes are produced , types and quantities
---------------------------------------------------------------
Source of Wastes
House Office Agric. Others Types Quantity
----------------------------------------------------------------
O old, used rease
and oils
----------------------------------------------------------------
O Medicines
----------------------------------------------------------------
O Chemical mater.
----------------------------------------------------------------
O Accumulators
-----------------------------------------------------------------
O Electric batte-
ries
-----------------------------------------------------------------
O Paints
----------------------------------------------------------------
O Others
----------------------------------------------------------------
O
----------------------------------------------------------------- 2. Ways to create interest for the action
O Newspaper advertisements
O Posters
O Schools
O Announcement papers
3. Appropriote collection and deposition time , distance, vehicle
O 1/2 year O 1 km O otomobile
O 1 year O 3 km O bicycle
O 2 year O 5 km O on foot
O more O more
4. Collection date and time
O Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
O O O O O O O
5. Sexuality and age of people which are adaoted to this action
O Man O Woman O 0-20 O 0-40 O 0-60 and O more 60
6. Ýnformation
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Manual separation of recycable materials
For goals related to recycling , reuse, and recovery :
(Separation , sorting and selection )
The emergence of the Green Movement has been one of the most cheering social developments of the last twenty years :
- carry out collective projects that develop communýty spirit
- Demonstrate ,constructive alternatives to careless disposal practices of wastes,
- Raise money to finance for investment of plants
- Rých variety of recycling activities can be practised by voluntary organisations in all parts of coastal regions.
- Recycling to create employment
- Transportation costs are always the drawback to national recycling schemes
- The market for recycled materials , in economies such as the Turkey, wich suffer from balance of payments problems and heavy atractive.
- Alternative management strategies with significant economic and environmental benefits
- Specifically, opportunities for source reduction, by-product recovery, recycle and reuse
- Reuse, recycle and recovery of the munýcipality wastes
- Management of urban solýd and liquid pollutants by the biological or chemical processing
- Products collected: cans and plastic beverage bottles together
- Collection systems: bottle banks of about 2 cubic meters, moreover a door to door collection will be used.
- Bottle banks: 10 banks will be located in Tartous, 2 in Banias, 2 in Jableh, and 24 in Latakia. The locations of the bottle banks will be selected in order to test some kind of situations such as public garden, residential area, Shopping area and recreational area.
The operating cost will be minimized. By this way it is avoided the necessity to press, to store the collected materials and to find a customer. These problems will be of importance only in a second step when the quantities to handle will be bore large.
For reuse the plastics for packaging and liquid bottles must be sorted according to the polymers and then reclaimed in order to remove caps, labels, adhesives, base caps and all other kind of materials.
For the purification of the bottles a washing plant is necessary in which the grinded bottles are washed in water, dried and, if requested, pelletized and reused as secondary raw materials.
The possibility for recycling in Turkey of these two polymers depends on the quantity collected, if it is enough to feed a washing plant, and moreover if the industry is ready to reuse the polymers.
It will be suggested to evaluate the present situation and the future possibilities for recycling of Alu - , Steel-cans, PET and PVC beverage bottles in Coastal area of Syria in order to have all the elements for preparing a complete recycling plan.
Aluminum cans can be recycled in two ways:
1. Alone for producing new aluminum cans, in this case the cans are sent to the foundry where are transformed into panes and then sent to lamination.
2. Mixed with other aluminum goods for production of other products, in this case recycling is easy and many shops are found in all countries.
The upper part of the steel cans is made with aluminum. The separation of steel is done with a magnet after grinding. The two materials are than sent to the respective foundries. The value of steel is lower than that of aluminum.
- Resource recovery
. direct recycle for primary use
. use by a second industry as a raw material
. energy recovery
. utilization in pollution control systems
- Recycling by source
The packkaging classification system adepted like follows :
1. Primary packaging : This covers packaging for retail to consumers at sale poits the type normlly formingpart of family shopping
2. Secondary packaging , this includes packaging designed for containing various items which can be removed without altering package itself . These are mainly discarded from sale by points, but nevertheless also find their way into the domestic environ-ment.
3. Tertiary packaging : tertiary packaging is employed for goods transport and handling to avoid damage.
Shpopping bags should be made from plastic or paper ?
Let us begin with biodegradable plastics ?
Separate collection of glass bottles, recycable materials :
A system for the separate collection of glass bottles shuold be established in Lattakia and Tartous Mohafaza.
Glass bottles can be collected throught the using bottle banks, of about 3 cubic meter capacity, placed on the curbs (drop off system). In each place can be used two bottle banks, one for the clear glass, one for the green one. At the beginning time, by the inspection of some bottle banks we can confirmed such situation: The bottle banks were found empty and the content. Consisting of glass, plastic and steel, containers, was similar for both the banks. In practice instead of a glass collection it is a low yield multimaterial collection. At a first analysis the reasons of these bad results are;
- are large part of the glass bottles are sold with a deposit
- the bottle banks do not give the right instructions needed
- a low motivation of people
- a probable abusive recovery of glass by other collectors than the official ones.
It is important to verify these last points with the company carrying out the recovery and with the glass manufacturer, which manages the collection.
These data will be very useful to evaluate the possibility of the collection of cans and plastic bottles, as the experience in EC shows that plastic collection yields can those of glass bottles.
Production and consumption of beverages and oneother recycable materials in from the data received from the companies the following preliminary picture is obtained.
- Cans: all cans are produced by N...... at the ....... plant using steel. The consumption of aluminum cans is low and these cans are all imported (capacity 1/2 liter). The 1991 consumption is evaluated .........millions of cans, which is concentrated for the 80 in the coastal area where ....... millions inhabitants live. The per capita consumption of the coastal area is evaluated in ... cans per year of which ... are steel made and ... aluminum made.
The can consumption is fast growing and N...... is planning to increase its capacity to .....millions cans by the 1996.
- Plastic bottles: Two polymers are used, ... PVC for mineral water, ... and ... PET for soft drinks. All the mineral water is not carbonated.
PET: These bottles are produced by only ...... company current production is ........ millions bottles per year. The per capita consumption in the coastal area is evaluated ..... bottles per year.
PVC: There are some PVC bottles producers, the 1991 consumption is evaluated in ....... millions bottles, corresponding to a per capita consumption of ..... bottles per year.
Since 1988 is oparated the composting Facility in Uzundere-Eskiizmir.
Ýt was planned after 1985, at the end of seventhy and plant was finished at 1988. Ýt was costed appr. 10.000.000.000.-- Lira.
The contructure firm was a swiss/german/turkish one joint venture. Explaination of composting process as follows :
Drum and Siloda process: This process designed patented and developed by the said french company. Ýt is a simple fermentation technique, easy to operate and machinery with a minimum maintenance.
The equipment are of a simple , rustic design, ensuring easy operating with a minimum of manned attention.
Handling capacity is 500 tons per day. Fermentation occurs in longitudinal silos placed side by side in a roofed structure.
After mechanical treatment of solid wastes , are left for 48 hours in each parts of silos , which are taken air blown through the bottom. Composting material is turned over every two days by the paddle-wheel. The blades slice the product from bottom to top and dicharge it. The archimedean screw then projects the aerated, homogenized product into the next silo.
Before mechanical pretreatment, eliminate , separate the recycable materials like glass, plastics, metals, textiles , paper and cardboard, ferrous scrap etc.
Despite its long years of construction, amelioriation of the plant is underway. In the marketplace , foreign and domestic manufactures are in competition which makes the domestic companies improve the quality of the products. Achievement of the integration with would be helpful to rise the quality of domestic products. Today, composting technology is crumbling with the hope of running in the future.
RDF - energy recovery (WDF (Waste Derived Fuel)
Because of our fossil energy sources being limited we have to find alternative energy sources ýn order to provide he fuel need for our heating systems, ýndustries and power houses. Nowadays a lot of organic solid wastes are produced in and around the cities and in the forests. In fact, these materials are produced by the transformation of solar energy to chemical energy and have entalphy, to by the use and application of this energy we will be the able to learn the continuously developing technology in this field. In this report will be dealing with the energy production from domestic solid wastes, industrial and commercial solid wastes, the quality of the energy and the methods used for that process the aim is to introduce and give idea about it.
Solid wastes originated from agrýculture, forestry and household, commercial and some industrial can be briquetted and use as fuel Ecofuel or RDF (=refuse derived fuel ) for the home heating or industrial issues. The potential for the using by the cement factory or small house heating is exist. Agricultural and fores-try wastes give the opurtunities to produce it . Therefore they can be recovered over the RDF-processing with differet treatment techniques. The infectiös hospital wastes can be burned in furnaces of cement facilities, and heat energy captured. Fig. shows one briquette production plant. A sketch view of a plant can be seeing on the Fig. .
Paper and metal collection has been organized as a permenent action. They are used as secondary raw materials.
At the same time environmental effect estimation reports
must be prepared . The septic tank of Coastal Region Cities, which is one of the main touristic regions and the works done to solve the sewage and the solid waste problems in this area which native technology takes place too.
- Public education concerning all aspects of waste management
is a very important point for the right future solid wastes manegement and treatment. We have to minimazid all kind of wastes on the sources, during production of goods and theirs consum-tions.
Municipalities can not mix hospital, clinic and laboratory wastes, radioactive wastes, storage batteries, normal batteries, medicines and pills with domestic solid wastes.
The government, most authorative organization of the city and municipality have responsibilities for disposing of these materials, separately. They can apply the "deposit method".
In the border of municipality, the municipalities and out of the border, most authorative organization of the city have authority for the following activities.
- Classifying, collecting, transporting and disposing of special wastes,
- Separate collecting of economically valuable wastes such as cans, bottles, plastics, paper, etc.
Producers which produce domestic and industrial wastes which have similar properties with domestic type, must keep own wastes ready for collecting, in a way which is determined by the municipality or most authorative organization of the city.