Universitaet Tel : 0090.232. 4531143/1120; 4531008; 4532646; 4531129; Fax: 3887864; 4531150

Gastvortrag am 02.07.1998 um 11.00 Uhr im Zeughaus/Seminarraum

1. Populationsdynamik

3..4. Industrielle Abfaelle

Prof. Dr. Ertugrul ERDIN

is enacted on 15.3.1990 with the decision 52 of City council, in the limits of ÿzmir Metropolitan Municipality.

This purpose of this regulation is to dispose solid wastes originating from hospitals and similar health institutions without giving harm to the environment and public health and without causing aesthetic problems.

Also it covers principles and rules that will provide a coordinated, balanced and efficient execution of services in the responsibility of metropolitan municipality.

Municipalities can not mix hospital, clinic and laboratory wastes, radioactive wastes, storage batteries, normal batteries, medicines and pills with domestic solid wastes.

The government, most authorative organization of the city and municipality have responsibilities for disposing of these materials, separately. They can apply the “deposit method”.

In the border of municipality, the municipalities and out of the border, most authorative organization of the city have authority for the following actions:

Producers which produce domestic and industrial wastes which have similar properties with domestic type, must keep own wastes ready for collecting, in a way which is determined by the municipality or most authorative organization of the city.

ÿncreasing population and developing technology are caused different type and amount of solid wastes. Solid waste problem is one of the major environmental problems. There are approximately 2,000 solid waste dumping area in Turkey, which are potential hazard for human health and not meet with the standards.

Municipal solid wastes (Urban Solid Wastes)

ÿn the area of coastal distrikts, the daily production of MSW is lower than 1 kg per capita with an high organic putrescible content. But USW (urban solid wastes ) generation per capita per day is close 1.0 kg. An analysis of MSW related to the tourist area gives: organic 55- 65 %, paper/board 9-12 %, glass 2-3 %, plastics 3-4 %, metals 1- 2 %. The collection of MSW in the center of cities is carried out every day using steel barrels placed on the curbs in front of the buildings; in the poorer quarters other various steel container are used in general recovered from postconsumer wastes.

Amount of per capìta generated dumping solid wastes :

The average composition of municipal solid wastes are rich on food and poor on paper and plastics compared to composition of EC countries solid wastes .

Moisture content is apr. 40 - 50 % and density of SW is 0.30 - 0.35 tons/m3 , a calorific value 6000 - 8000 kJoule/kg SW. The generated average value of solid wastes per capita is about 0.7 kg/day for the and , for the cities about 1.0 kg/day.capita .

Calculation of population projections are made by the taking three sectors : in cities of coastal regions, hilly and mountainouse area.

SW dansity at Landfill (=d) is 0.800 kg/m3

V = Landfillvolume = p.e.c.k/d ; p = size of population, e=the ratio between cover aerth and solid wastes = ¼, and so e= 1,25 , k= days of year = 365, c = kg SW/day.capita

An inspection of the bin content showed the presence of a large amount of organic garbage, some plastic bags and very few cans and plastic bottles, in general these beverage containers are not seen on the ground into the city, only in few cases these products has been seen dispersed on the ground.

It has been referred by some of people met that many recyclable products are recovered before the daily collection directly from the bins on the curbs by abusive organization of collectors. Because of the lack of time no verification has been done, we think that it is very important to contact these collectors in order to define the kind of products recovered, the amount, the prices and the final buyers.

In this landfill some people lives recovering from MSW glass, plastic bottles, cans and other products.

The main idea of the contemporary solid waste management is to reduce the amount of wastes. The best way is to solve the solid waste problem before they occur. For instance, using the recyclable packing material instead of use and waste materials will reduce the amount and the magnitude of environmental pollution. The second main idea is to produce as compost and landfillgas from biode-gredable material.

The Regulation for Management of Solid Wastes Nr. 20814 dated 14^th

March 1991 organizes legal basis and aspects of collection, transport, handling, and disposal of garbage and solid wastes in Turkey.

In the 1^st and the 2^nd paragraphs of “Regulation of Control of Solid Wastes” , following explanations have been stated:

Packaging Regulation and Targets of the Regulation

The packkaging classification system adepted like follows :

3R ( Reuse, Recycling, Recovery )

Selective collection reduces :

RDF - energy recovery (WDF (Waste Derived Fuel)

Nowadays a lot of organic solid wastes are produced in and around the cities and in the forests. In fact, these materials are produced by the transformation of solar energy to chemical energy and have entalphy, to by the use and application of this energy we will be the able to learn the continuously developing technology in this field. In this report will be dealing with the energy production from domestic solid wastes, industrial and commercial solid wastes, the quality of the energy and the methods used for that process the aim is to introduce and give idea about it.

Solid wastes originated from agrìculture, forestry and household, commercial and some industrial can be briquetted and use as fuel Ecofuel or RDF (=refuse derived fuel ) for the home heating or industrial issues. The potential for the using by the cement factory or small house heating is exist. Agricultural and fores-try wastes give the opurtunities to produce it . Therefore they can be recovered over the RDF-processing with differet treatment techniques. The infectiös hospital wastes can be burned in furnaces of cement facilities, and heat energy captured.

Years Metal and Aluminum (%) PET, PVC (%)

Çevko Vakfì Model - Project for collection and recycling of cans and plastic bottles is started in the areas of the coastel site (Antalya) and big city (ÿstanbul, Ankara) in Turkey.

ÿt should be organizing in whole Turkey an experimental collection of plastic , glass bottles , papers and metals, beverage containers.

This project should be prepared by Department of Environmental from the Mìnìntry of Environment and Çevko Vakfì in Turkey.

Being the experience of separate collection in Turkey at the beginning, has been requested to collaborate on the base of its experience on this field. I, as consultancy has been carried out in Turkey in the period 1991-1992 with meetings and visits related to solid waste, its collection, transportatìon and disposal, separate collection of glass bottles, production and consumption of beverages and liquid container wastes. The most asked poeple said that the best and easy solution of packaging materials are buy-back and/or deposit systems.

Separate collection of glass bottles, recycable materials :

A system for the separate collection of glass bottles shuold be established in ÿzmir, Mersin, Adana, Bursa, Ankara and ÿstanbul.

Glass bottles can be collected throught the using bottle banks, of about 3 cubic meter capacity, placed on the curbs (drop off system). In each place can be used two bottle banks, one for the clear glass, one for the green one. At the beginning time, by the inspection of some bottle banks we can confirmed such situation:

The bottle banks were found empty and the content. Consisting of glass, plastic and steel, containers, was similar for both the banks. In practice instead of a glass collection it is a low yield multimaterial collection. At a first analysis the reasons of these bad results are;

It is important to verify these last points with the company carrying out the recovery and with the glass manufacturer, which manages the collection.

These data will be very useful to evaluate the possibility of the collection of cans and plastic bottles, as the experience in EC shows that plastic collection yields can those of glass bottles.

Separate collection may be started with three containers system :

Munìcipalities collect mixed garbage reguarly. Collection will be effected by utilizing existing capacities of municipalities (vehicles, equipments, personnels).

Garbage Contactors: The fact that some poeple collect valuable wastes from curside containers and sell the same to garbage contractors will be evaluated.

Specially designed collection containers will be distributed to houses and summer residences (touristics area).

The three targents given in the following may be selected as objectives particularly for reutilisation of liquid containers wastes (3R):

1th - Reuse ; 2th - Recycling; 3th - Recovery

Recovery of Solid Wastes

It is clear that natural sources are limited. For this reason, they must be carefully used. To save the sources and to increase the life standard, developed countries found out some methods for recycling and recovering activities against the energy crisis. For recycling and recovering of solid wastes some regulations have been become effective by the European Community.

Developing countries which have some financial problems, must save their natural sources for optimum use of them. Hence, they can use them for a long period without any environmental problems.

Recovering, recycling and reuse of materials such as iron, steel, copper, lead, paper, plastic, hard rubber, glass, would prevent the loose of natural sources. Also, these procedures would save foreign exchange which is used for importation of raw materials, and energy which is used for production of consumption matters. Amount of solid wastes which is occured by human activities, would decrease and therefore the environmental problems. Decreasing amount and volume of solid wastes is an important procedure for some countries which have limited land which is used for sanitary landfill.

In the planning stage of recovering of solid wastes, following criteria must be considered :

Also, these factors are disadvantages of recovery.

Collecting and recovering of solid wastes is economically important procedure. The advantage of this procedure is not only to create supplement for economy but also to save more filling area because of decreasing volume of solid wastes.

For goals related to recycling , reuse, and recovery :

(Separation , sorting and selection )

The emergence of the Green Movement has been one of the most cheering social developments of the last twenty years :

Aluminum cans can be recycled in two ways:

The upper part of the steel cans is made with aluminum. The separation of steel is done with a magnet after grinding. The two materials are than sent to the respective foundries. The value of steel is lower than that of aluminum.

Production and consumption of beverages and oneother recycable materials in from the data received from the companies the following preliminary picture is obtained.

. Selective collection practices has been a widespread development in the developped countries specially for the bioorganic materials, for recycable materials and for those consdered hazardous .

. Selective collection of hazardous urban refuse has reached a very important proportion at the last time .

. Disposal charges are usually calculated in the basis of the volume of containers ( bins, or sacks ) and in the collection frequency.

Izmir Integrated Solid Wastes Management Project (IISWMP)

IIEP-Sanitary Landfill Plant

Industrial and househould solid waste (ISW & HSW) Sanitary Landfill area is 800 000 m2. Stroge volume of domestic SW (HSW) is 3 125 000 m3 and of industrial SW (ISW) is 790 000 m3 . In addition sludge from treatment plant and ash from IP (Incineration Plant) are accumulated in this plant.

Izmir Integrated Solid Wastes Management Project (IISWMP) ìnclude the selected waste disposal concept strategy:

Rehabilitation of old dumping area at Çi.gli, Uzundere, Buca, Isìkkent, etc.

Improvment of present collection and transfer stations.

Provision of special transportation vehichles for hazardous wastes and clinical wastes.

The Incineration Plant is designed for a average calorific value of about 8 000 kjoule/kg (range 6 000 - 11 000 kjoule/kg).

║ Composition Amount (kg/day) ║

Table . Yearly variation of solid waste amount of Izmir (Çoban, 1992).

Volumetric weight of solid waste was assumed as 0.8 ton/m3

Capacity Of Harmandalì Sanitary Landfill Area

Athough, three alternatives which include filling and ultimate elevations, have been given in the project, it is impossible that to get ultimate elevations.

Considering the waste production of Izmir and volumetric weight of compacted solid waste as 1,940 ton/day and 560 kg/m3, respectively, mean usage period of Harmandalì sanitary landfill area, for whole alternatives, have been calculated and listed below :

Equipment Requirement

According to size of sanitary landfill areas and apllied method, selectin of required equipment is important. They must have enough capacity and meet standards. Tractors which carry and compact the wastes, have been recommended. They can have tires or paunch mats.

Domestic Solid Wastes To Be Storaged Into The Sanitary Landfill Areas

According to 22^nd paragraph of the Regulation of Controlling of Solid Wastes, domestic solid wastes which are originated from the settlement areas, plant wastes which are wasted from parks, gardens and green areas, huge solid wastes, non-toxic and non-hazardous industrial wastes which have similar properties with domestic solid wastes, industrial wastewater treatment plant sludges which are non-toxic and non-hazardous could be stored into the sanitary landfill areas. Excavation wastes do not accept.

Domestic and industrial solid wastes must be recycled, recovered and reused before collecting. In case of that recycling and recovering procedures are not feasible, to prevent the human and environmental health, to reduce the volume of wastes and to produce energy and compost, solid wastes can be incinerated or composted. Side products which are originated or emitted from these procedures, must be collected and controlled, respectively.

Wastes Which are not Stored With Domestic Solid Wastes

According to 22^nd paragraph of the Regulation of Controlling of Solid Wastes, to prevent human and environment health, following materials are not stored with domestic solid wastes.

Hazardous wastes which are produced in Izmir, will be stored into area which gave a hydraulic conductivity coefficient of 10-10 at depth 4 to 6 m at the end of unpressured water test and is close to boring hole numbered 18^th.

Municipalities can not mix hospital, clinic and laboratory wastes, radioactive wastes, storage batteries, normal batteries, medicines and pills with domestic solid wastes.

Hospital And Clinic Wastes

The non-sistematically disposal of hospital wastes is very dangerous for human and environmental health because of they include some operated organs and infectious wastes. To prevent this hazardous situation, in 22 hospitals in Izmir, an inventory study has been carried out and, at the end, it was determined that the amount of daily hospital wastes was 15 to 18 ton (Erdin,1987) and 18 to 20 ton ( Çalì_ and Çoban, 1990).

To prevent the human and environmental health, to take under control the contagious diseases, to evaluate the esthetic view, a regulation which belongs to collecting, transporting and disposing of infectious hospital wastes, called “Control Regulations of Hospital Wastes”, was prepared by Boºaziçi University, Faculty of Engineering, Research Group for Controlling of Waste and Pollution on March 13^th, 1990. This regulation has been become effective by the decree of Council of Municipality of Metropolitan Izmir. It is valid until the decree of Ministry of Environment becomes effective. Councillor of Environment of Environmental Ministry published a circular which was related with the hospital wastes, on September 3^rd, 1991. This circular was the brief version of regulation which was become effectiv by the Municipality of Metropolitan Izmir.

Hospital wastes which will be seperately collected and transported, will be disposed into “Harmandalì Sanitary Landfill Area”. They will be buried into deep pits which have a impermeable floor and contain lime, and covered with soil, daily.

These wastes will not be normally accepted to the sanitary landfill. But, in exceptional cases such that there is no any disposal alternative for disposing of hospital and clinic wastes, they can be disposed meeting the standards.

Hospital and clinic wastes will be stored into most immermeable part of Harmandalì sanitary landfill area in accordance with the regulation which was become effective on September 3th, 1991 by Ministry of State, “Regulation of Controlling of Hospital Wastes”.

According to 15^th paragraph of the Regulation of Controlling of Hospital Wastes, “Aspects which are related with sanitary landfill”, in case that there is no any disposal alternative such as incineration, they must be stored in the sanitary landfill area as a hazardous wastes.

According to 16^th paragraph of the Regulation of Controlling of Hospital Wastes, “Characteristics of landfill area”, selected area for storing hospital and clinic wastes must have following properties:

Industrial Wastes

Waste types and the amounts of 135 industrial plants, which were obtained from a study carried out in 1990, have been given below.

Industrial wastes which have similar properties with the domestic wastes, and treatment sludges will be stored with together domestic solid wastes. Because of there is no any regulation about collecting and disposing of hazardous wastes and chemical treatment sludges, until “Regulation of Controlling of Hazardous Wastes and Chemical Matters” becomes effective, this kind of wastes will be stored at a part of the landfill area which has minimum permeability and covered with soil, daily.

The government, most authorative organization of the city and municipality have responsibilities for disposing of these materials, separately. They can apply the “deposit method”.

In the border of municipality, the municipalities and out of the border, most authorative organization of the city have authority for the following activities:

Treatment Sludges

According to 28^th paragraph of the Regulation of Controlling of Solid Wastes, to store chemical treatment sludges with domestic solid wastes, water content of the sludges must have 65%.

Most of the treatment sludges which are originated from the treatment plants has been dumped into landfill areas. But, this dumping process must be controlled.

Excavation and Stocking of Soil

The sanitary landfill operation involves placement, compection, and covering of the SW completely with soil prior to the end of each working day. The thickness of the daily soil cover is 20 - 30 cms.

Making a decision about removal of surface and sub-layers of soil before dumping process depends on the post-usage of the area and materials necessary for initial and final coverage. In some cases, in order to use the absorption and filtration capacity of the soil it is preferred not to make any removal.

Supplying Of Covering Material

To achieve continuous storage of solid wastes, suitable material must be ready everytime. Most ideal covering material is silty and sandy soil. It must not include rocks greater then 15 cm. If there is no suitable material into the landfill region, they must be supplied from another source. In Harmandalì sanitary landfill area, there is no enough material, because the lowest layer which is consisted of clay, must be kept, and covering material will not taken from the hills with recpect to keep the natural slope. According to soil investigation report, there is immpermeable material at the surface of the area. Probably, required covering material will be supplied an outer source. A part of them will be supplied from construction wastes and rubbles, and soil which are originated from the excavation of drainage sewers. A part of required covering material will be stored into the landfill area as standby part.

Landfill Leachate and Treatment

The essencial factors which are caused landfill leachate are; climate of the land, topography, type of the soil, hydrogeology, presence of clay layer under the landfill area, presence of soil layer over the landfill, type of the soil, and the type of the solid waste.

The most important source of the leachate is decomposition of bioorganic wastes and rainfall. The secondary sources are the effects of ground waters, underground waters, and water content of the solid waste.

A few organics, inorganics and toxic pollutants are present in leachate from landfill site and/or composting facilities. Characterization and treatment of leachate, originated from uncontrolled dumping areas and controlled landfills, where anaerobic process occur, has been the subject of many studies during last 40 years. Treatment of leachate stil is problem in ÿzmir, ÿstanbul, Bursa and so on. They are some projects, which will be solve the pollution potential of leachate originated from composting, and from landfill leachate. The landfill site, the contaminants concentrations in the leachate will decrease as a result of stabilization step by step at the time.

Leachate of Landfill stil is problem in ÿzmir, but in next future will be solve it. Monthly leachate quantity at Harmandalì sanitary landfill area is 117 kg/m3.

Leachate waters from the collection pond are removed by four alternative methods:

Biogases Production Through The Open Filling of Solid Wastes in Turkey

And Removing Them By Applying Sanitary Landfill Like in Izmir, Istanbul, Izmit, Bursa

Biophysicochemical reactions which occur in the completed landfills some reactions products, which can be very doungerous for the environment.

Control of gas and leachate leakages also should be make very curryfull.

Design and operation method is very importent for the exactly building of the landfill.

According to the microbiological anaylsis report, all groundwater samples, except drinking water of Village Ulucak, were found contaminated with sewage. Other parameters also show that groundwater could not be used as a drinking water source.

Gas Control Preventions

Solid Waste Control Regulations Article 27 which is related with removal of deposit gas:

It is stated that, “Gases that may develop as a result of anaerobic decomposition of organic materials in the solid waste, like carbondioxide, hydrogen sulfide, ammonium, nitrogen compounds and mainly methane, that may dissipate in the environment and cause explosions and toxic effects are collected with horizontal and vertical collection systems and are given to the atmosphere in a controlled manner or used for energy production.”

In all sanitary landfill areas after all the oxygen is consumed, decomposition becomes anaerobic and mainly methane and carbondioxide are produced at this stage.

From the products that form as a result of anaerobic decomposition of organic substances, partially stabilized organic materials, organic acids and various gases (CO2, CH4, N2, H2S) can be stated. In standard conditions, there is a linear relationship between decomposition rate and gas production rate. Gas production rate increases in the firs two years and it continues at a slower rate for 25 or more years. Gas quantity practically measured changes for 1 t of solid waste in between 60 - 180 m3 depending on the characteristics of the solid waste deposited.

Average landfill gas analyses:

CH4 = 55-60 % as volume

CO2 = 35-40 % as volume

H2 = 2 - 3 % as volume

H2S,CO2,NO2 = 1 % as volume

90 % of the gas originating from landfill areas is formed by CH4 and CO2. Since atmospheric concentration of this gas is 5-15 % an explosive mixture is created.

In landfill areas where gas drainage is not existing, beginning from landfill site boundary to 100-125 m of distance methane gases observed in 40 % concentration. In these types of landfills, distribution of gas depends on soil properties and surface coverage type. Among the gases produced in landfill areas, CO2 becomes concentrated at the base because of it being heavier (1.5 times heavier than atmosphere), and sometimes mixes with groundwaters and lower the pH and increase water hardness. A typical gas aeration stack is formed from gravels and distances between each stack changes from 18 m to 60 m. For gravel layer thickness 30-45 cm is suggested. Alternatively aeration barriers or wells may be used.In Harmandalì landfill area aeration stacks will be placed at every 50 m but as a prevention for the coverage being impermeable these stacks will be placed more frequently.

At Harmandalì sanitary landfill site, connectable, 150 mm diameter and 3 m long hard PVC pipes will be used for aeration purposes. These pipes will be fixed from the base and they will be surrounded with gravel to protect them from blocking.

Environmental Effects of Methane gas

Methane itself does not have any direct toxic effect on plants but at the root region it removes oxygen and causes oxygen deficiency. In reculturation situations, methane gases leaking in small quantities stimulate plant development but severe leakages destruct their growth.

Leachate waters from landfills combine with CO2 of decomposed products and cause an increase in water hardness:

Landfill gas is the product of natural anaerobic biochemical decomposition of organic materials and typically contains nearly equal amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) with traces of other decomposition by-products .

Both methane and carbondioxide gases are odorless.

If not controlled , landfill gas is capable of subsurface migration and escape into the atmospher , causing potential odor and safety problems. The principal movement of landfill gas is along the path of the least resisitance ; which is usually directly upwards through the landfill’s top surface.

Calculation Of Amount Of Biogas

Izmit Integrated Environmental Project (IIEP)

IIEP-Sanitary Landfill Plant

Industrial and househould solid waste (ISW & HSW) Sanitary Landfill area is 800 000 m2. Stroge volume of domestic SW (HSW) is 3 125 000 m3 and of industrial SW (ISW) is 790 000 m3 . In addition sludge from treatment plant and ash from IP (Incineration Plant) are accumulated in this plant.

Isolation Of Area In Which Special Solid Wastes Area Filled

In selection of an area in which special solid wastes will be filled, it is required to search and to find out a soil which has too low natural permeability (k < 10-7 m/s). Construction density (DPr) must be greater than 0.95. In order to prevent impermeable layer which has a thickness of 1.5 m (k < 5x10-10 m/s), against to the damage, a geo-membrane layer which has a thickness of at least 2 mm, must be spread over this layer.

Control of Water Ways Coming From Outer Regions and of Leachate

To prevent all water ways which come from outer regions to reach to Harmandalì sanitary landfill area, a main collector will be constructed. Hence, only water which is originated from stormwater, will reach to the drainage system. In addition, to keep the roads against the stormwater overflowing and to prevent surface waters to reach lower elevations, drainage canals will be constructed. During the road construction of Harmandalì sanitary landfill area, ditches have been opened near the roads.

The most important problem in the design and operation of sanitary landfill areas is the control of infiltration water originating from the waste materials. Infiltration waters originating from domestic solid wastes is a combination of organic, inorganic, and soluble particles. Infiltration waters cause pollution of surface and groundwaters by decomposition of soluble ions and organic materials.

Quantity of infiltration water depends on the water content of the solid waste and the rain fall amount in that area. Its chemical characteristic depends on the other hand, to its biologic decomposition ability, chemical oxidation process and decomposition of organic and inorganic materials.

Determination of Leaching Quantity and Quality

Even though the relationship in between annual rain height and leach water depends on evaporation, this can be taken as a constant while making calculations for certain regions. Other than evaporation, the most important parameter in determining relationships between precipitation-leaching is compaction degree in the landfill area. Solid waste density in the deposit area is usually more than 0.6 t/m3. Depending on the results of many studies done in West Germany, 15-25 % of annual precipitation flows as leachate water (Franzius,1974). In landfills compacted by a compactor, this ratio changes in between 15-20 %, in landfills compacted by tracked vehicles it is in between 30-50 %, and in compacted surface landfills 20-25 %.

Even though leachate waters originate from solid wastes with high humidity ratio, mainly it is produced from percolation of rain water into solid waste layers. Collection and treatment of leachate waters are cost increasing factors. All these factors effect the cost parallel to leachate quantity. Though leachate quantity is taken equal to the water quantity entering the soil, to determine leachate water quantity for Izmir Harmandalì sanitary landfill area.

Whole the collected leachate from the landfill area will be processing by a WWTP on the Landfill Site in Izmit.

Istanbul Integrated Wastes Management Project (IIWMP)

Egaen Integrated Solid Wastes Management Project (EISWMP)

Alyanak at al (1997) have finished a team research work about the problems and their regional solution of all kind wastes mostly generated by the industries in cities like ÿzmir, Aydìn and Denizli. Handling combination is with landfill and incineration.

Case Study Kemalpasa/IZMIR

Kemalpasa is located 29 km from IZMIR city it has 660 km2 areas including 35 km river basin on the east-west IZMIR to ANKARA road. Kemalpasa district surrounded by Manisa from north, Bayindir and Torbali from south and finally Turgutlu and Bornova from east and west, respectively.

Kemalpasa county has been passing from agricultural ecosystem to industral ecosystem for long period of time. Today, this situation is still continuing. Industry was constructed on valuable fields and water sources without doing Environmental impact Assessment studies. Therefore, too may thing were destructed, Nowadays Nif Brooks is used as waste water discharge and solid waste receiving media while it was a place to where people were going for picnic and hunting fish for 15 years ago.

Above 167 factories, 200 poultries and l50 cattle farms were constructed with the development of industry since l970. The population was increased rapidly parallel to industrialization.

This event was also happened in one of the most agricultural area in Kemalpasa county. It became nonagricultural area due to rapid industrialization. The water, air and soil pollution caused by industry goes out of Kemalpasa county lines mixed to Gediz River by Nif Brook and then carried to Aegean sea and polluted it.

Polluted soil caused by environmental pollution leads to decrease in the yield and consequently economic loss of farmers.

One of the most important issue in county is absence of perfect completed solid waste projects. The generated wastes, from industries treatment plant sludge and from factories plants toxic - hazardous wastes and domestic wastes disposed arbitrary to land, forest areas and in to Nif Brooks. Solid wastes was collected and disposed without controlling in 67 landfills on 17 ha area.

By investigation the potential of the unorganized landfill sites in Kemalpasa, not only the present situation is important, the accumulated solid waste amount from the passed years should also be taken in to consideration. So there must related the present landfill position with passed years solid waste amount and also with present situation solid waste generation potential. In this paper, it was aimed to show environmental pollution problem of Kemalpasa because of arbitrary dispose of solid wastes and to recount starts for sanitation of landfill areas.

Kemalpasa county has been passing from agriculture economy to industry economic for long period of time. Today, this situation is still continuing. Industry established arbitrary on productive agricultural areas because of advantageous of getting cheep water, electricity and area around Bornova and Kemalpasa/IZMIR.

Industry was constructed on valuable fields and water sources without doing Environmental impact Assessment studies. Therefore, too may thing were destructed, Nowadays Nif Brooks is used as waste water discharge and solid waste receiving media while it was a place to where people were going for picnic and hunting fish for 20 years ago.

Above 160 factory, 200 poultry and l50 cattle farm was constructed with the development of industry since l970. The population was increased rapidly parallel to industrialization.

It is well known, “National Environment Plan” hasn’t been done in TURKEY yet. Also environment organization plan for each region is absent. There is only place improvement plan for organization. However, these plans are not mostly applied completely. Therefore unorganized and distorted urbanization was occurred in most places of our country and factories was constructed on agricultural areas (IZMIR IL YILLIGI, 1994).

This event was also happened in one of the most agricultural area in Kemalpa¦a plain. It became nonagricultural area due to rapid industrialization. The water, air and soil pollution caused by industry goes out of Kemalpa¦a county lines mixed to Gediz River by Nif Brook and then carried to Aegean sea and polluted it.

Polluted soil caused by environmental pollution leads to decrease in the yield and consequently economic loss of farmers. High agricultural yield of county depends on limited water sources. The industry without infrastructure aspire to already limited water while it is one which both consumed and pollute water.

Kemalpa¦a Organized Industrial Region “KOSBI”, which was planed in 1991 and because functional in 1994, was constructed to prevent unorganized industrial development and to plan and to control industrialization. Today, it has 410 ha area of which 69 % is already used. Fortunately, it is thought as to increase its capacity from 410 ha to 1000 ha with 144 % rising in total area due to high industrialization demand. The border of “KOSBI” starts from Belkahve and reached to Tetra Pak Nasa¦ Industry line. Yet the area in increasing area capacity is not along but it was planed to enlarge it around Ankara road (TRAV, 1994).

However, when environmental effects of preset industry in this region is considered, it is obviously seen that how capacity increase in “KOSBI” will have environmental destruction in Kemalpa¦a.

It will be a big problem to supply water to new construction in KOSBI due to already polluted and un enough water resources. It is compulsory to find new resources beside to reusing and saving water.

One of the most important problems in county is absence of solid waste projects. The product wastes, from industries treatment sludge from plants toxic-hazardous wastes and domestic wastes disposed arbitrary to lad, forest areas and in to Nif Brooks. Solid wastes was collected without controlling in 67 unorganized dumping places on 19 ha area due to absence of planned solid waste landfill.

Soil Material

Composition of the soil material in the county is formed by the alluvium material and of the sandy clay and sandy silty clay.

Northern and eastern parts of the residential area are formed by the alluvial materials and that of the southern parts area formed by the reddish brown colored soil materials (terra-rosa soils). Western parts of the residential areas are formed by the brown colored soil materials. Alluvial soils are formed by A and B Horizons. This soils are formed by the completely transported materials. Thus, these materials mentioned above are transported and irregularly deposited in the base of the valley and slopes of the mountain.

Vegetation and Agriculture

Vegetation basically consist of forest, marshy and agricultural areas. Total area of Kemalpa¦a is 66,000 ha of which distribution is given in the following

Investigation of Solid Waste Potential

By investigation the potential of the un organized land fill sites in Kemalpa¦a, not only the present situation is important, the accumulated solid waste amount from the passed years should also be taken in to consideration. So there must related the present deponi position with passed years solid waste amount and also with present situation solid waste generation potential.

The daily production of solid waste is examined in two parts;

Distribution of The Solid Waste Coming From The Settled

Population

The sources of the solid waste coming from the settled population are houses, shops and slaughterhouse.

If this equations is used it can be seen that the waste volume per capita is increasing with the population increase. The specific waste volume at the beginning of 1994 Vs = 1.31 l/capita.day. The accumulated waste volume of 617,947 m³ has decreased to 432,598 m³ due to degradation. It is explained the commercial waste volume of 34,047 m³ generated in the past decreased 30 % and 23,833 waste remained at the unorganized landfill.

The slaughterhouse wastes, as weight and volume, show a increasing from the 1984. The 5,307 m³ carnage wastes generated in lost 11 years biodegraded 80 % and its volume is 1,061 m³ As result, the rest of the residential wastes (657,351 m³) from the biodegradation is 457,492 m³ as landfill volume.

The data about the carnage wastes are reported according to the interview with the carnage directors and the questionnaire results.

Distribution of The Industrial Solid Wastes

This title is investigated under the subtitles of the solid wastes generated from the working stuff, and the solid wastes generated from the activities of the industries.

Solid Wastes Generated From The Working Stuff

The industries have generated solid wastes since 1974 significantly, and the solid wastes of working stuff is calculated from that date. The generated domestic solid waste of the working stuff is 33,526 m³ until today, and the rest waste from the biodegradation is 24,868 m³.

The calculations are made according to the answers of the questionnaires. The personal domestic solid waste production of the working stuff is found as 0.31 l/capita.day.

Manufacturing and Treatment Sludge Wastes

The sectoral solid waste distribution of the food, metal, mine, chemistry, textile, rubber and plastic, cellulose and paper, and tannery industries are given.

5.7, 91,348 m³ of the 253,178 m³ solid waste from the manufacturing is recovered, rest of it is tipped at landfills. The 27,865 m³ of the 128,987 m³ treatment sludge is recovered, rest of it is discharged to the landfills. That shows the 119,213 m³ of the 382,165 m³ total solid was recovered,and rest part of 262,952 m³ is tipped at landfills. If the data above is summarized; the 30 % of the biologic wastes decreased by biodegradation and the 20 % of the inert wastes decreased by settlement when the total amount of the solid waste generated at recent years is 955,829 m³.

Capsuling in its place

Transfer to Sanitary Landfills

Use of Recreated Areas

CONCLUSIONS

Horn , A. ,1989, Zur TA Sonderabfall 1989- Anmerkungen zum Abschnitt Oberirdische Deponien. Abfallwirtschaftsjournal, Nr.12 S.40 - 43, EF Verlag Berlin.

Kruse, Thomas ,1988 , Standsicherheit der Deponieböschung. Entsorgungspraxis 7. S. 300-303, Gütersloh,

Runge, M. ,1979,”Müllsickerwasser” UBA - Forschungsbericht, Berlin

Quentmeier, V. ,198,”Behandlung von Stau- und Sickerwaessern aus Sonderabfalldeponien” Universitaet Hannover, H.72 (SBzA,1987)

Reuter , E. ,1988, “Durchlaessigkeitsverhalten von Tonen gegenüber anorganischen und organischen Saeuren” Universitaet Braunschweig, Heft 26. 6.

Drescher, J. ,1988,”Deponiedichtungen für Sonderabfalldeponien - Arbeitspapier” Müll und Abfall , H.7 , S.281-295

Holzlöhner, U. ,1988,”Das Feuchteverhalten mineralischer Schichten in der Basisabdichtung von Deponien” Müll und Abfall H.7, S. 295-

Alyanak, Ibrahim at al (1997): Bericht über Sonderabfaelle in der Westtürkei. Izmır.