1 SQL Statements

This chapter presents the syntax for Oracle SQL statements.

This chapter includes the following section:

Syntax for SQL Statements

Syntax for SQL Statements

SQL statements are the means by which programs and users access data in an Oracle database.

The sections that follow show each SQL statement and its related syntax. Refer to Chapter 5, "Subclauses" for the syntax of the subclauses listed in the syntax for the statements.

See Also:

Oracle Database SQL Reference for detailed information about Oracle SQL

ALTER CLUSTER

ALTER CLUSTER [ schema. ]cluster
  { physical_attributes_clause
  | SIZE size_clause
  | allocate_extent_clause
  | deallocate_unused_clause
  | { CACHE | NOCACHE }
  }
    [ physical_attributes_clause
    | SIZE size_clause
    | allocate_extent_clause
    | deallocate_unused_clause
    | { CACHE | NOCACHE }
    ]...
  [ parallel_clause ] ;

ALTER DATABASE

ALTER DATABASE [ database ]
  { startup_clauses
  | recovery_clauses
  | database_file_clauses
  | logfile_clauses
  | controlfile_clauses
  | standby_database_clauses
  | default_settings_clauses
  | instance_clauses
  | security_clause
  } ;

ALTER DIMENSION

ALTER DIMENSION [ schema. ]dimension
  { ADD
    { level_clause
    | hierarchy_clause
    | attribute_clause
    | extended_attribute_clause
    }
    [ ADD
      { level_clause
      | hierarchy_clause
      | attribute_clause
      | extended_attribute_clause
      }
    ]...
  | DROP
    { LEVEL level
        [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
    | HIERARCHY hierarchy
    | ATTRIBUTE attribute
        [ LEVEL level [ COLUMN column
                        [, COLUMN column ]... ]
    }
    [ DROP
      { LEVEL level
          [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
      | HIERARCHY hierarchy
      | ATTRIBUTE attribute
          [ LEVEL level [ COLUMN column
                          [, COLUMN column ]... ]
      }
    ]...
  | COMPILE
  } ;

ALTER DISKGROUP

ALTER DISKGROUP
    { diskgroup_name
        { add_disk_clause | drop_disk_clause }
            [, { add_disk_clause | drop_disk_clause } ]...
        | resize_disk_clauses
        } [ rebalance_diskgroup_clause ]
        | {rebalance_diskgroup_clause                                    
          | check_diskgroup_clause
          | diskgroup_template_clauses
          | diskgroup_directory_clauses
          | diskgroup_alias_clauses
          | drop_diskgroup_file_clause
          } 
    | { diskgroup_name
          [, diskgroup_name ]...
      | ALL 
      }
      { undrop_disk_clause
      | diskgroup_availability
      }
    }

ALTER FUNCTION

ALTER FUNCTION [ schema. ]function
  COMPILE [ DEBUG ]
  [ compiler_parameters_clause
    [ compiler_parameters_clause ] ... ]
  [ REUSE SETTINGS ] ;

ALTER INDEX

ALTER INDEX [ schema. ]index
  { { deallocate_unused_clause
    | allocate_extent_clause
    | shrink_clause
    | parallel_clause
    | physical_attributes_clause
    | logging_clause
    }
      [ deallocate_unused_clause
      | allocate_extent_clause
      | shrink_clause
      | parallel_clause
      | physical_attributes_clause
      | logging_clause
      ]...
  | rebuild_clause
  | PARAMETERS ('ODCI_parameters')
  | { ENABLE | DISABLE }
  | UNUSABLE
  | RENAME TO new_name
  | COALESCE
  | { MONITORING | NOMONITORING } USAGE
  | UPDATE BLOCK REFERENCES
  | alter_index_partitioning
  } ;

ALTER INDEXTYPE

ALTER INDEXTYPE [ schema. ]indextype
  { { ADD | DROP }
    [ schema. ]operator (parameter_types)
      [, { ADD | DROP }
          [ schema. ]operator (parameter_types)
      ]...
    [ using_type_clause ]
  | COMPILE
  } ;

ALTER JAVA

ALTER JAVA
  { SOURCE | CLASS } [ schema. ]object_name 
  [ RESOLVER 
      ( ( match_string [, ] { schema_name | - } ) 
        [ ( match_string [, ] { schema_name | - } )
        ]... 
      ) 
  ]
  { { COMPILE | RESOLVE }
  | invoker_rights_clause
  } ;

ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW

ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW
  [ schema. ](materialized_view)
  [ physical_attributes_clause
  | table_compression
  | LOB_storage_clause
    [, LOB_storage_clause ]...
  | modify_LOB_storage_clause
    [, modify_LOB_storage_clause ]...
  | alter_table_partitioning
  | parallel_clause
  | logging_clause
  | allocate_extent_clause
  | shrink_clause
  | { CACHE | NOCACHE }
  ]
  [ alter_iot_clauses ]
  [ USING INDEX physical_attributes_clause ]
  [ MODIFY scoped_table_ref_constraint
  | alter_mv_refresh
  ]
  [ { ENABLE | DISABLE } QUERY REWRITE
  | COMPILE
  | CONSIDER FRESH
  ] ;

ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG

ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG [ FORCE ]
  ON [ schema. ]table
  [ physical_attributes_clause
  | alter_table_partitioning
  | parallel_clause
  | logging_clause
  | allocate_extent_clause
  | shrink_clause
  | { CACHE | NOCACHE }
  ]
  [ ADD
      { { OBJECT ID
        | PRIMARY KEY
        | ROWID
        | SEQUENCE
        }
        [ (column [, column ]...) ]
      | (column [, column ]... )
      }
        [, { { OBJECT ID
             | PRIMARY KEY
             | ROWID
             | SEQUENCE
             }
             [ (column [, column ]...) ]
           | (column [, column ]...)
           }
        ]...
      [ new_values_clause ]
  ] ;

ALTER OPERATOR

ALTER OPERATOR [ schema. ]operator
  { add_binding_clause
  | drop_binding_clause
  | COMPILE
  } ;

ALTER OUTLINE

ALTER OUTLINE
  [ PUBLIC | PRIVATE ] outline
  { REBUILD
  | RENAME TO new_outline_name
  | CHANGE CATEGORY TO new_category_name
  | { ENABLE | DISABLE }
  }
    [ REBUILD
    | RENAME TO new_outline_name
    | CHANGE CATEGORY TO new_category_name
    | { ENABLE | DISABLE }
    ]... ;

ALTER PACKAGE

ALTER PACKAGE [ schema. ]package
  COMPILE [ DEBUG ]
  [ PACKAGE | SPECIFICATION | BODY ]
  [ compiler_parameters_clause
    [ compiler_parameters_clause ] ... ]
  [ REUSE SETTINGS ] ;

ALTER PROCEDURE

ALTER PROCEDURE [ schema. ]procedure
  COMPILE [ DEBUG ]
  [ compiler_parameters_clause
    [ compiler_parameters_clause ] ... ]
  [ REUSE SETTINGS ] ;

ALTER PROFILE

ALTER PROFILE profile LIMIT
  { resource_parameters | password_parameters }
    [ resource_parameters | password_parameters
    ]... ;

ALTER RESOURCE COST

ALTER RESOURCE COST
  { CPU_PER_SESSION
  | CONNECT_TIME
  | LOGICAL_READS_PER_SESSION
  | PRIVATE_SGA
  }
  integer
    [ { CPU_PER_SESSION
      | CONNECT_TIME
      | LOGICAL_READS_PER_SESSION
      | PRIVATE_SGA
      }
      integer
    ] ... ;

ALTER ROLE

ALTER ROLE role
  { NOT IDENTIFIED
  | IDENTIFIED
      { BY password
      | USING [ schema. ]package
      | EXTERNALLY
      | GLOBALLY
      }
  } ;

ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT

ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment
  { ONLINE
  | OFFLINE
  | storage_clause
  | SHRINK [ TO size_clause ]
  };

ALTER SEQUENCE

ALTER SEQUENCE [ schema. ]sequence
  { INCREMENT BY integer
  | { MAXVALUE integer | NOMAXVALUE }
  | { MINVALUE integer | NOMINVALUE }
  | { CYCLE | NOCYCLE }
  | { CACHE integer | NOCACHE }
  | { ORDER | NOORDER }
  }
    [ INCREMENT BY integer
    | { MAXVALUE integer | NOMAXVALUE }
    | { MINVALUE integer | NOMINVALUE }
    | { CYCLE | NOCYCLE }
    | { CACHE integer | NOCACHE }
    | { ORDER | NOORDER }
    ]... ;

ALTER SESSION

ALTER SESSION
  { ADVISE { COMMIT | ROLLBACK | NOTHING }
  | CLOSE DATABASE LINK dblink
  | { ENABLE | DISABLE } COMMIT IN PROCEDURE
  | { ENABLE | DISABLE } GUARD
  | { ENABLE | DISABLE | FORCE } PARALLEL
    { DML | DDL | QUERY } [ PARALLEL integer ]
  | { ENABLE RESUMABLE
      [ TIMEOUT integer ] [ NAME string ]
    | DISABLE RESUMABLE
    }
  | alter_session_set_clause
  } ;

ALTER SYSTEM

ALTER SYSTEM
  { archive_log_clause
  | checkpoint_clause
  | check_datafiles_clause
  | distributed_recov_clauses
  | FLUSH { SHARED_POOL | BUFFER_CACHE }
  | end_session_clauses
  | SWITCH LOGFILE
  | { SUSPEND | RESUME }
  | quiesce_clauses
  | alter_system_security_clauses
  | shutdown_dispatcher_clause
  | REGISTER
  | SET alter_system_set_clause
        [ alter_system_set_clause ]...
  | RESET alter_system_reset_clause
          [ alter_system_reset_clause ]...
  } ;

ALTER TABLE

ALTER TABLE [ schema. ]table
  [ alter_table_properties
  | column_clauses
  | constraint_clauses
  | alter_table_partitioning
  | alter_external_table_clauses
  | move_table_clause
  ]
  [ enable_disable_clause
  | { ENABLE | DISABLE }
    { TABLE LOCK | ALL TRIGGERS }
    [ enable_disable_clause
    | { ENABLE | DISABLE }
      { TABLE LOCK | ALL TRIGGERS }
    ]...
  ] ;

ALTER TABLESPACE

ALTER TABLESPACE tablespace
  { DEFAULT
      [ table_compression ] storage_clause
  | MINIMUM EXTENT size_clause
  | RESIZE size_clause
  | COALESCE
  | RENAME TO new_tablespace_name
  | { BEGIN | END } BACKUP
  | datafile_tempfile_clauses
  | tablespace_logging_clauses
  | tablespace_group_clause
  | tablespace_state_clauses
  | autoextend_clause
  | flashback_mode_clause
  | tablespace_retention_clause
  } ;

ALTER TRIGGER

ALTER TRIGGER [ schema. ]trigger
  { ENABLE
  | DISABLE
  | RENAME TO new_name
  | COMPILE [ DEBUG ]
      [ compiler_parameters_clause
        [ compiler_parameters_clause ] ... ]
      [ REUSE SETTINGS ]
  } ;

ALTER TYPE

ALTER TYPE [ schema. ]type
  { compile_type_clause
  | replace_type_clause
  | { alter_method_spec
    | alter_attribute_definition
    | alter_collection_clauses
    | [ NOT ] { INSTANTIABLE | FINAL }
    }
    [ dependent_handling_clause ]
  } ;

ALTER USER

ALTER USER
  { user
    { IDENTIFIED
      { BY password [ REPLACE old_password ]
      | EXTERNALLY [ AS 'certificate_DN' ]
      | GLOBALLY [ AS '[directory_DN]' ]
      }
    | DEFAULT TABLESPACE tablespace
    | TEMPORARY TABLESPACE
         { tablespace | tablespace_group_name }
    | QUOTA { size_clause
            | UNLIMITED
            } ON tablespace
      [ QUOTA { size_clause
              | UNLIMITED
              } ON tablespace
      ]...
    | PROFILE profile
    | DEFAULT ROLE { role [, role ]...
                   | ALL [ EXCEPT
                            role [, role ]... ]
                   | NONE
                   }
    | PASSWORD EXPIRE
    | ACCOUNT { LOCK | UNLOCK }
    }
      [  { IDENTIFIED
           { BY password [ REPLACE old_password ]
           | EXTERNALLY [ AS 'certificate_DN' ]
           | GLOBALLY [ AS '[directory_DN]' ]
           }
         | DEFAULT TABLESPACE tablespace
         | TEMPORARY TABLESPACE
              { tablespace | tablespace_group_name }
         | QUOTA { size_clause
                 | UNLIMITED
                 } ON tablespace
           [ QUOTA { size_clause
                   | UNLIMITED
                   } ON tablespace
           ]...
         | PROFILE profile
         | DEFAULT ROLE { role [, role ]...
                        | ALL [ EXCEPT
                                 role [, role ]... ]
                        | NONE
                        }
         | PASSWORD EXPIRE
         | ACCOUNT { LOCK | UNLOCK }
         }
      ]...
  | user [, user ]...
    proxy_clause ;

ALTER VIEW

ALTER VIEW [ schema. ]view
  { ADD out_of_line_constraint
  | MODIFY CONSTRAINT constraint
      { RELY | NORELY }
  | DROP { CONSTRAINT constraint
         | PRIMARY KEY
         | UNIQUE (column [, column ]...)
         }
  | COMPILE
  } ;

ANALYZE

ANALYZE
  { TABLE [ schema. ]table
      [ PARTITION (partition)
      | SUBPARTITION (subpartition)
      ]
  | INDEX [ schema. ]index
      [ PARTITION (partition)
      | SUBPARTITION (subpartition)
      ]
  | CLUSTER [ schema. ]cluster
  }
  { validation_clauses
  | LIST CHAINED ROWS [ into_clause ]
  | DELETE [ SYSTEM ] STATISTICS
  | compute_statistics_clause
  | estimate_statistics_clause
  } ;

ASSOCIATE STATISTICS

ASSOCIATE STATISTICS WITH
  { column_association | function_association } ;

AUDIT

AUDIT
  { sql_statement_clause | schema_object_clause | NETWORK }
  [ BY { SESSION | ACCESS } ]
  [ WHENEVER [ NOT ] SUCCESSFUL ] ;

CALL

CALL
  { routine_clause
  | object_access_expression
  }
  [ INTO :host_variable
    [ [ INDICATOR ] :indicator_variable ] ] ;

COMMENT

COMMENT ON
  { TABLE [ schema. ]
    { table | view }
  | COLUMN [ schema. ]
    { table. | view. | materialized_view. } column
  | OPERATOR [ schema. ] operator
  | INDEXTYPE [ schema. ] indextype
  | MATERIALIZED VIEW materialized_view
  }
  IS string ;

COMMIT

COMMIT [ WORK ]
  [
    [ COMMENT string ] 
    | [ WRITE 
        [ IMMEDIATE | BATCH ] [ WAIT | NOWAIT ]
    ]
  | FORCE string [, integer ]
  ] ;

CREATE CLUSTER

CREATE CLUSTER [ schema. ]cluster
  (column datatype [ SORT ]
    [, column datatype [ SORT ] ]...
  )
  [ { physical_attributes_clause
    | SIZE size_clause
    | TABLESPACE tablespace
    | { INDEX
      | [ SINGLE TABLE ]
        HASHKEYS integer [ HASH IS expr ]
      }
    }
      [ physical_attributes_clause
      | SIZE size_clause
      | TABLESPACE tablespace
      | { INDEX
        | [ SINGLE TABLE ]
          HASHKEYS integer [ HASH IS expr ]
        }
      ]...
  ]
  [ parallel_clause ]
  [ NOROWDEPENDENCIES | ROWDEPENDENCIES ]
  [ CACHE | NOCACHE ] ;

CREATE CONTEXT

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] CONTEXT namespace
  USING [ schema. ] package
  [ INITIALIZED { EXTERNALLY | GLOBALLY }
  | ACCESSED GLOBALLY
  ] ;

CREATE CONTROLFILE

CREATE CONTROLFILE
  [ REUSE ]
  [ SET ]
  DATABASE database
  [ logfile_clause ]
  { RESETLOGS | NORESETLOGS }
  [ DATAFILE file_specification
             [, file_specification ]... ]
  [ { MAXLOGFILES integer
    | MAXLOGMEMBERS integer
    | MAXLOGHISTORY integer
    | MAXDATAFILES integer
    | MAXINSTANCES integer
    | { ARCHIVELOG | NOARCHIVELOG }
    | FORCE LOGGING
    }
      [ MAXLOGFILES integer
      | MAXLOGMEMBERS integer
      | MAXLOGHISTORY integer
      | MAXDATAFILES integer
      | MAXINSTANCES integer
      | { ARCHIVELOG | NOARCHIVELOG }
      | FORCE LOGGING
      ]...
  ]
  [ character_set_clause ] ;

CREATE DATABASE

CREATE DATABASE [ database ]
  { USER SYS IDENTIFIED BY password
  | USER SYSTEM IDENTIFIED BY password
  | CONTROLFILE REUSE
  | MAXDATAFILES integer
  | MAXINSTANCES integer
  | CHARACTER SET charset
  | NATIONAL CHARACTER SET charset
  | SET DEFAULT
      { BIGFILE | SMALLFILE } TABLESPACE
  | database_logging_clauses
  | tablespace_clauses
  | set_time_zone_clause
  }... ;

CREATE DATABASE LINK

CREATE [ SHARED ] [ PUBLIC ] DATABASE LINK dblink
  [ CONNECT TO
    { CURRENT_USER
    | user IDENTIFIED BY password [ dblink_authentication ]
    }
  | dblink_authentication
  ]
    [ CONNECT TO
      { CURRENT_USER
      | user IDENTIFIED BY password [ dblink_authentication ]
      }
    | dblink_authentication
    ]...
  [ USING connect_string ] ;

CREATE DIMENSION

CREATE DIMENSION [ schema. ]dimension
  level_clause
  [ level_clause ]...
  { hierarchy_clause
  | attribute_clause
  | extended_attribute_clause
  }
    [ hierarchy_clause
    | attribute_clause
    | extended_attribute_clause
    ]... ;

CREATE DIRECTORY

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] DIRECTORY directory
  AS 'path_name' ;

CREATE DISKGROUP

CREATE DISKGROUP diskgroup_name
  [ { HIGH | NORMAL | EXTERNAL } REDUNDANCY ]
  [ FAILGROUP failgroup_name ]
  DISK qualified_disk_clause
       [, qualified_disk_clause ]...
    [ [ FAILGROUP failgroup_name ]
      DISK qualified_disk_clause
           [, qualified_disk_clause ]...
    ]... ;

CREATE FUNCTION

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] FUNCTION [ schema. ]function
  [ (argument [ IN | OUT | IN OUT ]
     [ NOCOPY ] datatype
       [, argument [ IN | OUT | IN OUT ]
          [ NOCOPY ] datatype
       ]...
    )
  ]
  RETURN datatype
  [ { invoker_rights_clause
    | DETERMINISTIC
    | parallel_enable_clause
    }
      [ invoker_rights_clause
      | DETERMINISTIC
      | parallel_enable_clause
      ]...
  ]
  { { AGGREGATE | PIPELINED }
    USING [ schema. ]implementation_type
  | [ PIPELINED ]
    { IS | AS }
    { pl/sql_function_body | call_spec }
  } ;

CREATE INDEX

CREATE [ UNIQUE | BITMAP ] INDEX [ schema. ]index
  ON { cluster_index_clause
     | table_index_clause
     | bitmap_join_index_clause
     } ;

CREATE INDEXTYPE

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] INDEXTYPE
  [ schema. ]indextype FOR
  [ schema. ]operator (paramater_type
                       [, paramater_type ]...)
    [, [ schema. ]operator (paramater_type
                            [, paramater_type ]...)
    ]...
  using_type_clause ;

CREATE JAVA

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ]
  [ AND { RESOLVE | COMPILE } ]
  [ NOFORCE ]
  JAVA { { SOURCE | RESOURCE }
         NAMED [ schema. ]primary_name
       | CLASS [ SCHEMA schema ]
       }
  [ invoker_rights_clause ]
  [ RESOLVER
    ((match_string [,] { schema_name | - })
      [ (match_string [,] { schema_name | - }) ]...
    )
  ]
  { USING { BFILE (directory_object_name ,
                   server_file_name)
          | { CLOB | BLOB | BFILE }
            subquery
          | 'key_for_BLOB'
          }
  | AS source_char
  }

CREATE LIBRARY

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] LIBRARY [ schema. ]libname
  { IS | AS } 'filename' [ AGENT 'agent_dblink' ] ;

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW
  [ schema. ]materialized_view
  [ column_alias [, column_alias]... ]
  [ OF [ schema. ]object_type ]
  [ (scoped_table_ref_constraint) ]
  { ON PREBUILT TABLE
    [ { WITH | WITHOUT } REDUCED PRECISION ]
  | physical_properties materialized_view_props
  }
  [ USING INDEX
    [ physical_attributes_clause
    | TABLESPACE tablespace
    ]
      [ physical_attributes_clause
      | TABLESPACE tablespace
      ]...
  | USING NO INDEX
  ]
  [ create_mv_refresh ]
  [ FOR UPDATE ]
  [ { DISABLE | ENABLE }
    QUERY REWRITE
  ]
  AS subquery ;

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
  ON [ schema. ] table
  [ physical_attributes_clause
  | TABLESPACE tablespace
  | logging_clause
  | { CACHE | NOCACHE }
    [ physical_attributes_clause
    | TABLESPACE tablespace
    | logging_clause
    | { CACHE | NOCACHE }
    ]...
  ]
  [ parallel_clause ]
  [ table_partitioning_clauses ]
  [ WITH { OBJECT ID
         | PRIMARY KEY
         | ROWID
         | SEQUENCE
         | (column [, column ]...)
         }
           [, { OBJECT ID
              | PRIMARY KEY
              | ROWID
              | SEQUENCE
              | (column [, column ]...)
              }
           ]...
    [ new_values_clause ]
  ] ;

CREATE OPERATOR

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] OPERATOR
   [ schema. ] operator binding_clause ;

CREATE OUTLINE

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ]
   [ PUBLIC | PRIVATE ] OUTLINE [ outline ]
   [ FROM [ PUBLIC | PRIVATE ] source_outline ]
   [ FOR CATEGORY category ]
   [ ON statement ] ;

CREATE PACKAGE

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] PACKAGE [ schema. ]package
   [ invoker_rights_clause ]
   { IS | AS } pl/sql_package_spec ;

CREATE PACKAGE BODY

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] PACKAGE BODY
   [ schema. ]package
   { IS | AS } pl/sql_package_body ;

CREATE PFILE

CREATE PFILE [= 'pfile_name' ]
   FROM SPFILE [= 'spfile_name'] ;

CREATE PROCEDURE

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] PROCEDURE [ schema. ]procedure
   [ (argument [ { IN | OUT | IN OUT } ]
               [ NOCOPY ]
               datatype [ DEFAULT expr ]
       [, argument [ { IN | OUT | IN OUT } ]
                   [ NOCOPY ]
                   datatype [ DEFAULT expr ]
       ]...
     )
   ] 
   [ invoker_rights_clause ]
   { IS | AS }
   { pl/sql_subprogram_body | call_spec } ;

CREATE PROFILE

CREATE PROFILE profile
   LIMIT { resource_parameters
         | password_parameters
         }
           [ resource_parameters
           | password_parameters
           ]... ;

CREATE RESTORE POINT

CREATE RESTORE POINT restore_point
   [ GUARANTEE FLASHBACK DATABASE ];

CREATE ROLE

CREATE ROLE role
   [ NOT IDENTIFIED
   | IDENTIFIED { BY password
                | USING [ schema. ] package
                | EXTERNALLY
                | GLOBALLY
                }
   ] ;

CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT

CREATE [ PUBLIC ] ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment
  [ { TABLESPACE tablespace | storage_clause }
      [ TABLESPACE tablespace | storage_clause ]...
  ];

CREATE SCHEMA

CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION schema
   { create_table_statement
   | create_view_statement
   | grant_statement
   }
     [ create_table_statement
     | create_view_statement
     | grant_statement
     ]... ;

CREATE SEQUENCE

CREATE SEQUENCE [ schema. ]sequence
   [ { INCREMENT BY | START WITH } integer
   | { MAXVALUE integer | NOMAXVALUE }
   | { MINVALUE integer | NOMINVALUE }
   | { CYCLE | NOCYCLE }
   | { CACHE integer | NOCACHE }
   | { ORDER | NOORDER }
   ]
     [ { INCREMENT BY | START WITH } integer
     | { MAXVALUE integer | NOMAXVALUE }
     | { MINVALUE integer | NOMINVALUE }
     | { CYCLE | NOCYCLE }
     | { CACHE integer | NOCACHE }
     | { ORDER | NOORDER }
     ]... ;

CREATE SPFILE

CREATE SPFILE [= 'spfile_name' ]
  FROM PFILE [= 'pfile_name' ] ;

CREATE SYNONYM

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] [ PUBLIC ] SYNONYM
   [ schema. ]synonym 
   FOR [ schema. ]object [ @ dblink ] ;

CREATE TABLE

{ relational_table | object_table | XMLType_table }

CREATE TABLESPACE

CREATE
   [ BIGFILE | SMALLFILE ]
   { permanent_tablespace_clause
   | temporary_tablespace_clause
   | undo_tablespace_clause
   } ;

CREATE TRIGGER

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] TRIGGER [ schema. ]trigger
   { BEFORE | AFTER | INSTEAD OF }
   { dml_event_clause
   | { ddl_event [ OR ddl_event ]...
     | database_event [ OR database_event ]...
     }
     ON { [ schema. ]SCHEMA
        | DATABASE
        }
   }
   [ WHEN (condition) ]
   { pl/sql_block | call_procedure_statement } ;

CREATE TYPE

{ create_incomplete_type
| create_object_type
| create_varray_type
| create_nested_table_type
}

CREATE TYPE BODY

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] TYPE BODY [ schema. ]type_name
   { IS | AS }
   { subprogram_declaration
   | map_order_func_declaration
   }
     [, { subprogram_declaration
        | map_order_func_declaration
        }
     ]...
   END ;

CREATE USER

CREATE USER user
   IDENTIFIED { BY password
              | EXTERNALLY [ AS 'certificate_DN' ]
              | GLOBALLY [ AS '[ directory_DN ]' ]
              }
   [ DEFAULT TABLESPACE tablespace
   | TEMPORARY TABLESPACE
        { tablespace | tablespace_group_name }
   | QUOTA size_clause
           | UNLIMITED
           }
           ON tablespace
     [ QUOTA size_clause
             | UNLIMITED
             }
             ON tablespace
     ]...
   | PROFILE profile
   | PASSWORD EXPIRE
   | ACCOUNT { LOCK | UNLOCK }
     [ DEFAULT TABLESPACE tablespace
     | TEMPORARY TABLESPACE
          { tablespace | tablespace_group_name }
     | QUOTA size_clause
             | UNLIMITED
             }
             ON tablespace
       [ QUOTA size_clause
               | UNLIMITED
               }
               ON tablespace
       ]...
     | PROFILE profile
     | PASSWORD EXPIRE
     | ACCOUNT { LOCK | UNLOCK }
     ]...
  ] ;

CREATE VIEW

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] [ [ NO ] FORCE ] VIEW
   [ schema. ]view
   [ (alias [ inline_constraint
              [ inline_constraint ]... ]
     | out_of_line_constraint
       [, alias [ inline_constraint
                  [ inline_constraint ]... ]
       | out_of_line_constraint
       ]...
     )
   | object_view_clause
   | XMLType_view_clause
   ]
   AS subquery [ subquery_restriction_clause ] ;

DELETE

DELETE [ hint ]
   [ FROM ]
   { dml_table_expression_clause
   | ONLY (dml_table_expression_clause)
   }
   [ t_alias ]
   [ where_clause ]
   [ returning_clause ] [error_logging_clause];

DISASSOCIATE STATISTICS

DISASSOCIATE STATISTICS FROM
   { COLUMNS [ schema. ]table.column
               [, [ schema. ]table.column ]...
   | FUNCTIONS [ schema. ]function
                 [, [ schema. ]function ]...
   | PACKAGES [ schema. ]package
                [, [ schema. ]package ]...
   | TYPES [ schema. ]type
             [, [ schema. ]type ]...
   | INDEXES [ schema. ]index
               [, [ schema. ]index ]...
   | INDEXTYPES [ schema. ]indextype
                  [, [ schema. ]indextype ]...
   }
   [ FORCE ] ;

DROP CLUSTER

DROP CLUSTER [ schema. ]cluster
   [ INCLUDING TABLES [ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS ] ] ;

DROP CONTEXT

DROP CONTEXT namespace ;

DROP DATABASE

DROP DATABASE ;

DROP DATABASE LINK

DROP [ PUBLIC ] DATABASE LINK dblink ;

DROP DIMENSION

DROP DIMENSION [ schema. ]dimension ;

DROP DIRECTORY

DROP DIRECTORY directory_name ;

DROP DISKGROUP

DROP DISKGROUP diskgroup_name
   [ { INCLUDING | EXCLUDING }
     CONTENTS
   ] ;

DROP FUNCTION

DROP FUNCTION [ schema. ]function_name ;

DROP INDEX

DROP INDEX [ schema. ]index [ FORCE ] ;

DROP INDEXTYPE

DROP INDEXTYPE [ schema. ]indextype [ FORCE ] ;

DROP JAVA

DROP JAVA
   { SOURCE | CLASS | RESOURCE }
   [ schema. ]object_name ;

DROP LIBRARY

DROP LIBRARY library_name ;

DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW

DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW
   [ schema. ]materialized_view
   [ PRESERVE TABLE ] ;

DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG

DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
   ON [ schema. ]table ;

DROP OPERATOR

DROP OPERATOR [ schema. ]operator [ FORCE ] ;

DROP OUTLINE

DROP OUTLINE outline ;

DROP PACKAGE

DROP PACKAGE [ BODY ] [ schema. ]package ;

DROP PROCEDURE

DROP PROCEDURE [ schema. ]procedure ;

DROP PROFILE

DROP PROFILE profile [ CASCADE ] ;

DROP RESTORE POINT

DROP RESTORE POINT restore_point ;

DROP ROLE

DROP ROLE role ;

DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT

DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment ;

DROP SEQUENCE

DROP SEQUENCE [ schema. ]sequence_name ;

DROP SYNONYM

DROP [ PUBLIC ] SYNONYM [ schema. ]synonym
   [ FORCE ] ;

DROP TABLE

DROP TABLE [ schema. ]table
   [ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS ]
   [ PURGE ] ;

DROP TABLESPACE

DROP TABLESPACE tablespace 
   [ INCLUDING CONTENTS [ {AND | KEEP} DATAFILES ]
     [ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS ]
   ] ;

DROP TRIGGER

DROP TRIGGER [ schema. ]trigger ;

DROP TYPE

DROP TYPE [ schema. ]type_name
   [ FORCE | VALIDATE ] ;

DROP TYPE BODY

DROP TYPE BODY [ schema. ]type_name ;

DROP USER

DROP USER user [ CASCADE ] ;

DROP VIEW

DROP VIEW [ schema. ] view
   [ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS ] ;

EXPLAIN PLAN

EXPLAIN PLAN
   [ SET STATEMENT_ID = string ]
   [ INTO [ schema. ]table [ @ dblink ] ]
   FOR statement ;

FLASHBACK DATABASE

FLASHBACK [ STANDBY ] DATABASE [ database ]
   { TO { { SCN | TIMESTAMP } expr
        | RESTORE POINT restore_point
        }
   | TO BEFORE { SCN | TIMESTAMP} expr
               | RESETLOGS 
               }
   };

FLASHBACK TABLE

FLASHBACK TABLE
   [ schema. ]table
     [, [ schema. ]table ]...
   TO { { SCN | TIMESTAMP } expr
      | RESTORE POINT restore_point
      }
        [ { ENABLE | DISABLE } TRIGGERS ]
      | BEFORE DROP [ RENAME TO table ]
      } ;

GRANT

GRANT { grant_system_privileges
      | grant_object_privileges
      } ;

INSERT

INSERT [ hint ]
   { single_table_insert | multi_table_insert } ;

LOCK TABLE

LOCK TABLE
   [ schema. ] { table | view }
   [ { PARTITION (partition)
     | SUBPARTITION (subpartition)
     }
   | @ dblink
   ]
     [, [ schema. ] { table | view }
        [ { PARTITION (partition)
          | SUBPARTITION (subpartition)
          }
        | @ dblink
        ]
     ]...
   IN lockmode MODE
   [ NOWAIT ] ;

MERGE

MERGE [ hint ]
   INTO [ schema. ] { table | view } [ t_alias ]
   USING [ schema. ] { table | view | subquery }
     [ t_alias ]
   ON ( condition )
   [ merge_update_clause ]
   [ merge_insert_clause ]
   [ error_logging_clause ] ;

NOAUDIT

NOAUDIT 
   { sql_statement_clause
   | schema_object_clause
   | NETWORK
   }
   [ WHENEVER [ NOT ] SUCCESSFUL ] ;

PURGE

PURGE
   { { TABLE table
     | INDEX index
     }
   | { RECYCLEBIN | DBA_RECYCLEBIN }
   | TABLESPACE tablespace
     [ USER user ]
   } ;
DO NOT IMPORT!! Attempting to import locks up FrameMaker completely!

RENAME

RENAME old_name
   TO new_name ;

REVOKE

REVOKE { revoke_system_privileges
       | revoke_object_privileges
       } ;

ROLLBACK

ROLLBACK [ WORK ]
   [ TO [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint
   | FORCE string
   ] ;

SAVEPOINT

SAVEPOINT savepoint ;

SELECT

subquery [ for_update_clause ] ;

SET CONSTRAINT[S]

SET { CONSTRAINT | CONSTRAINTS }
    { constraint [, constraint ]...
    | ALL
    }
    { IMMEDIATE | DEFERRED } ;

SET ROLE

SET ROLE
   { role [ IDENTIFIED BY password ]
     [, role [ IDENTIFIED BY password ] ]...
   | ALL [ EXCEPT role [, role ]... ]
   | NONE
   } ;

SET TRANSACTION

SET TRANSACTION
   { { READ { ONLY | WRITE }
     | ISOLATION LEVEL
       { SERIALIZABLE | READ COMMITTED }
     | USE ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment
     }
     [ NAME string ]
   | NAME string
   } ;

TRUNCATE

TRUNCATE 
   { TABLE [ schema. ]table
     [ { PRESERVE | PURGE } MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ]
   | CLUSTER [ schema. ]cluster
   }
   [ { DROP | REUSE } STORAGE ] ;

UPDATE

UPDATE [ hint ]
   { dml_table_expression_clause
   | ONLY (dml_table_expression_clause)
   }
   [ t_alias ]
   update_set_clause
   [ where_clause ]
   [ returning_clause ] [error_logging_clause] ;